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sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html, 1.6, 1.7 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sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html, 1.6, 1.7 sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html, 1.6, 1.7
Eric Christensen
sparks at fedoraproject.org
Fri Nov 20 22:14:46 UTC 2009
Author: sparks
Update of /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html
In directory cvs1.fedora.phx.redhat.com:/tmp/cvs-serv16406/html
Modified Files:
Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html
Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html
Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html
Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html
We_Need_Feedback.html chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html
chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html
chap-Security_Guide-References.html
chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html
chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html
chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html
chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html index.html
pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html
sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html
sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html
sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html
sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html
sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html
sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html
sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html
sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html
sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html
sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html
sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html
sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html
sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html
sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html
sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html
sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html
sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html
sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html
sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html
sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html
sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html
sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html
sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html
sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html
sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html
sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html
sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html
sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html
sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html
sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html
sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html
sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html
sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html
sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html
sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html
sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html
sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html
sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html
sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html
sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html
sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html
sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html
sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html
sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html
sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html
sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html
sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html
sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html
sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html
sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html
sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html
sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html
sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html
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sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html
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Log Message:
Latest version. Officially 12.1.
Index: Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.6. Secure Shell</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
ages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.6. Secure Shell"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell">3.6. Secure Shell</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.6. Secure Shell</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
ages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.6. Secure Shell"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell">3.6. Secure Shell</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Secure Shell (SSH) is a powerful network protocol used to communicate with another system over a secure channel. The transmissions over SSH are encrypted and protected from interception. Cryptographic log-on can also be utilized to provide a better authentication method over traditional usernames and passwords.
</div><div class="para">
SSH is very easy to activate. By simply starting the sshd service, the system will begin to accept connections and will allow access to the system when a correct username and password is provided during the connection process. The standard TCP port for the SSH service is 22, however this can be changed by modifying the configuration file <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</em></span> and restarting the service. This file also contains other configuration options for SSH.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.5. Virtual Private Networks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.p
ng" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.5. Virtual Private Networks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.p
ng" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) provide encrypted tunnels between computers or networks of computers across all ports. With a VPN in place, all network traffic from the client is forwarded to the server through the encrypted tunnel. This means that the client is logically on the same network as the server it is connected to via the VPN. VPNs are very common and are simple to use and setup.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Prev</strong>3.4. Data in Motion</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Next</strong>3.6. Secure Shell</a></li></ul></body></html>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.4. Data in Motion</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraprojec
t.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.4. Data in Motion"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion">3.4. Data in Motion</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.4. Data in Motion</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraprojec
t.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.4. Data in Motion"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion">3.4. Data in Motion</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Data in motion is data that is being transmitted over a network. The biggest threats to data in motion are interception and alteration. Your user name and password should never be transmitted over a network without protection as it could be intercepted and used by someone else to impersonate you or gain access to sensitive information. Other private information such as bank account information should also be protected when transmitted across a network. If the network session was encrypted then you would not have to worry as much about the data being compromised while it is being transmitted.
</div><div class="para">
Data in motion is particularly vulnerable to attackers because the attacker does not have to be near the computer in which the data is being stored rather they only have to be somewhere along the path. Encryption tunnels can protect data along the path of communications.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.3. File Based Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_C
ontent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.3. File Based Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption">3.3. File Based Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.3. File Based Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_C
ontent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.3. File Based Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption">3.3. File Based Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
GnuPG (GPG) is an open source version of PGP that allows you to sign and/or encrypt a file or an email message. This is useful to maintain integrity of the message or file and also protects the confidentiality of the information contained within the file or email. In the case of email, GPG provides dual protection. Not only can it provide Data at Rest protection but also Data In Motion protection once the message has been sent across the network.
</div><div class="para">
File based encryption is intended to protect a file after it has left your computer, such as when you send a CD through the mail. Some file based encryption solutions will leave remnants of the encrypted files that an attacker who has physical access to your computer can recover under some circumstances. To protect the contents of those files from attackers who may have access to your computer, use file based encryption combined with another solution such as full disk encryption.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2. We Need Feedback!</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface" /><link rel="prev" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav">
<li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2. We Need Feedback!" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="We_Need_Feedback">2. We Need Feedback!</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2. We Need Feedback!</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface" /><link rel="prev" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav">
<li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2. We Need Feedback!" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="We_Need_Feedback">2. We Need Feedback!</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
More information about the Linux Security Guide project can be found at <a href="https://fedorahosted.org/securityguide">https://fedorahosted.org/securityguide</a>
</div><div class="para">
To provide feedback for the Security Guide, please file a bug in <a href="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=security-guide&product=Fedora%20Documentation">https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=security-guide&product=Fedora%20Documentation</a>. Please select the proper component in the dropdown menu which should be the page name.
Index: chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 3. Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
on_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption">Chapter 3. Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-En
cryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html">3.3. File Based Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html">3.4. Data in Motion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html">3.6. Secure Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories<
/a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html">3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_
Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html">3.8.4. Things of note</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryp
tion-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 3. Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
on_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption">Chapter 3. Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-En
cryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html">3.3. File Based Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html">3.4. Data in Motion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html">3.6. Secure Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories<
/a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html">3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_
Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html">3.8.4. Things of note</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryp
tion-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="para">
There are two main types of data that must be protected: data at rest and data in motion. These different types of data are protected in similar ways using similar technology but the implementations can be completely different. No single protective implementation can prevent all possible methods of compromise as the same information may be at rest and in motion at different points in time.
</div><div class="section" title="3.1. Data at Rest"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Data at rest is data that is stored on a hard drive, tape, CD, DVD, disk, or other media. This information's biggest threat comes from being physically stolen. Laptops in airports, CDs going through the mail, and backup tapes that get left in the wrong places are all examples of events where data can be compromised through theft. If the data was encrypted on the media then you wouldn't have to worry as much about the data being compromised.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="C
ommon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security">Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security-Tips_Guides_and_Tools">4.1. Tips, Guides, and Tools</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="C
ommon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security">Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security-Tips_Guides_and_Tools">4.1. Tips, Guides, and Tools</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
The following general principals provide an overview of good security practices:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
encrypt all data transmitted over networks to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and eavesdropping. It is important to encrypt authentication information, such as passwords.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 7. References</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li
class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 7. References" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-References">Chapter 7. References</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 7. References</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li
class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 7. References" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-References">Chapter 7. References</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
The following references are pointers to additional information that is relevant to SELinux and Fedora but beyond the scope of this guide. Note that due to the rapid development of SELinux, some of this material may only apply to specific releases of Fedora.
</div><div class="variablelist" title="Books" id="vari-Security_Guide-References-Books"><h6>Books</h6><dl><dt><span class="term">SELinux by Example</span></dt><dd><div class="para">
Mayer, MacMillan, and Caplan
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 5. Secure Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation">Chapter 5. Secure Installation</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html#sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Disk_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html">5.2. Utilize LU
KS Partition Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 5. Secure Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation">Chapter 5. Secure Installation</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html#sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Disk_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html">5.2. Utilize LU
KS Partition Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
Security begins with the first time you put that CD or DVD into your disk drive to install Fedora. Configuring your system securely from the beginning makes it easier to implement additional security settings later.
</div><div class="section" title="5.1. Disk Partitions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Disk_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
The NSA recommends creating separate partitions for /boot, /, /home, /tmp, and /var/tmp. The reasons for each are different and we will address each partition.
Index: chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:57 -0000 1.6
+++ chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html 20 Nov 2009 22:13:58 -0000 1.7
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html" title="1.5.4. Applying the Changes" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="
Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network">Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Release_Notes-Security-Install-trusted-packages">2.1. Local users may install trusted packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html">2.2. Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html#
sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.2.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html">2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html">2.2.3. Password Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html">2.2.4. Administrative Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html">2.2.5. Available Network Services</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html">2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communicati
on_Tools.html">2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html">2.3. Server Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.3.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html">2.3.2. Securing Portmap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html">2.3.3. Securing NIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html">2.3.4. Securing NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html">2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</a></span></dt><dt><spa
n class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html">2.3.6. Securing FTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html">2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html">2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html">2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html#sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.4.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html">2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Ho
w_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html">2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html">2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html">2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html">2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html#sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.5.1. Advantages of PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</a></span></
dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html">2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html">2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html">2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html">2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_
PAM-Additional_Resources.html">2.5.8. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html">2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.6.1. TCP Wrappers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html">2.6.3. xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html">2.6.5. Additional Resources</a
></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html">2.7. Kerberos</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html#sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.7.1. What is Kerberos?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html">2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html">2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html">2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html">2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html">2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</a></span></dt><
dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html">2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html">2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html">2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html">2.7.10. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html">2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html#sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-How_Does_a_VPN_Work">2.8.1. How Does a VPN Work?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sec
t-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html">2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html">2.8.3. IPsec</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html">2.8.5. IPsec Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html">2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html">2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect
-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html">2.9. Firewalls</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.9.1. Netfilter and IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html">2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html">2.9.3. Using IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html">2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html">2.9
.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html">2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html">2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html">2.9.8. IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html">2.9.9. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html">2.10. IPTables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html#sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.10.1. Packet Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"
><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html">2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html">2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html">2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html">2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html">2.10.6. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.1. Local users may install trusted packages" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Release_Notes-Security-Install-trusted-packages">2.1. Local users may install trusted packages</h2></div></div></div><div class="wa
rning"><h2>Non-privileged users may install software.</h2><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html" title="1.5.4. Applying the Changes" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="
Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network">Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Release_Notes-Security-Install-trusted-packages">2.1. Local users may install trusted packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html">2.2. Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html#
sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.2.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html">2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html">2.2.3. Password Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html">2.2.4. Administrative Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html">2.2.5. Available Network Services</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html">2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communicati
on_Tools.html">2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html">2.3. Server Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.3.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html">2.3.2. Securing Portmap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html">2.3.3. Securing NIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html">2.3.4. Securing NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html">2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</a></span></dt><dt><spa
n class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html">2.3.6. Securing FTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html">2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html">2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html">2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html#sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.4.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html">2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Ho
w_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html">2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html">2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html">2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html">2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html#sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.5.1. Advantages of PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</a></span></
dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html">2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html">2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html">2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html">2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_
PAM-Additional_Resources.html">2.5.8. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html">2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.6.1. TCP Wrappers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html">2.6.3. xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html">2.6.5. Additional Resources</a
></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html">2.7. Kerberos</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html#sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.7.1. What is Kerberos?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html">2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html">2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html">2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html">2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html">2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</a></span></dt><
dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html">2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html">2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html">2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html">2.7.10. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html">2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html#sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-How_Does_a_VPN_Work">2.8.1. How Does a VPN Work?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sec
t-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html">2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html">2.8.3. IPsec</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html">2.8.5. IPsec Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html">2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html">2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect
-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html">2.9. Firewalls</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.9.1. Netfilter and IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html">2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html">2.9.3. Using IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html">2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html">2.9
.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html">2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html">2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html">2.9.8. IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html">2.9.9. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html">2.10. IPTables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html#sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.10.1. Packet Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"
><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html">2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html">2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html">2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html">2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html">2.10.6. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.1. Local users may install trusted packages" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Release_Notes-Security-Install-trusted-packages">2.1. Local users may install trusted packages</h2></div></div></div><div class="wa
rning"><h2>Non-privileged users may install software.</h2><div class="para">
In Fedora 12, a <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> user may install <span class="emphasis"><em>signed</em></span> packages without authentication. This is a change from Fedora 11.
</div></div><div class="para">
In common use cases, local desktop users frequently install packages. In Fedora 11, this required authentication. In Fedora 11, if the user wishes to install an unsigned package, a second authentication is required. Since the desktop user is typically the owner and sole user of the machine, the default was changed in Fedora 12 to allow a local user to install signed (trusted) packages without authentication. Unsigned packages continue to require authentication.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 1. Security Overview</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docn
av"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview">Chapter 1. Security Overview</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-SELin
ux">1.1.2. SELinux</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Security_Controls">1.1.3. Security Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.4. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html#sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Thinking_Like_the_Enemy">1.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Eva
luating_the_Tools.html">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html#sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd
><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html">1.5. Security Updates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates-Updating_Packages">1.5.1. Updating Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html">1.5.4. Applying the Changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 1. Security Overview</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docn
av"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview">Chapter 1. Security Overview</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-SELin
ux">1.1.2. SELinux</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Security_Controls">1.1.3. Security Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.4. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html#sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Thinking_Like_the_Enemy">1.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Eva
luating_the_Tools.html">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html#sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd
><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html">1.5. Security Updates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates-Updating_Packages">1.5.1. Updating Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html">1.5.4. Applying the Changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="para">
Because of the increased reliance on powerful, networked computers to help run businesses and keep track of our personal information, entire industries have been formed around the practice of network and computer security. Enterprises have solicited the knowledge and skills of security experts to properly audit systems and tailor solutions to fit the operating requirements of the organization. Because most organizations are increasingly dynamic in nature, with workers accessing company IT resources locally and remotely, the need for secure computing environments has become more pronounced.
</div><div class="para">
Unfortunately, most organizations (as well as individual users) regard security as an afterthought, a process that is overlooked in favor of increased power, productivity, and budgetary concerns. Proper security implementation is often enacted postmortem — <span class="emphasis"><em>after</em></span> an unauthorized intrusion has already occurred. Security experts agree that taking the correct measures prior to connecting a site to an untrusted network, such as the Internet, is an effective means of thwarting most attempts at intrusion.
</div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.1. Introduction to Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="1.1.1. What is Computer Security?"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Computer security is a general term that covers a wide area of computing and information processing. Industries that depend on computer systems and networks to conduct daily business transactions and access crucial information regard their data as an important part of their overall assets. Several terms and metrics have entered our daily business vocabulary, such as total cost of ownership (TCO) and quality of service (QoS). Using these metrics, industries can calculate aspects such as data integrity and high-availability as part of their planning and process management costs. In some industries, such as electronic commerce, the availability and trustworthiness of data can be the difference between success and failure.
</div><div class="section" title="1.1.1.1. How did Computer Security Come about?"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Computer_Security-How_did_Computer_Security_Come_about">1.1.1.1. How did Computer Security Come about?</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
- Information security has evolved over the years due to the increasing reliance on public networks not to disclose personal, financial, and other restricted information. There are numerous instances such as the Mitnick <sup>[<a id="id1999771" href="#ftn.id1999771" class="footnote">1</a>]</sup>and the Vladimir Levin <sup>[<a id="id1999763" href="#ftn.id1999763" class="footnote">2</a>]</sup>cases that prompted organizations across all industries to re-think the way they handle information, as well as its transmission and disclosure. The popularity of the Internet was one of the most important developments that prompted an intensified effort in data security.
+ Information security has evolved over the years due to the increasing reliance on public networks not to disclose personal, financial, and other restricted information. There are numerous instances such as the Mitnick <sup>[<a id="id2089372" href="#ftn.id2089372" class="footnote">1</a>]</sup>and the Vladimir Levin <sup>[<a id="id2089364" href="#ftn.id2089364" class="footnote">2</a>]</sup>cases that prompted organizations across all industries to re-think the way they handle information, as well as its transmission and disclosure. The popularity of the Internet was one of the most important developments that prompted an intensified effort in data security.
</div><div class="para">
An ever-growing number of people are using their personal computers to gain access to the resources that the Internet has to offer. From research and information retrieval to electronic mail and commerce transaction, the Internet has been regarded as one of the most important developments of the 20th century.
</div><div class="para">
@@ -15,19 +15,19 @@
</div></div><div class="section" title="1.1.1.2. Security Today"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Computer_Security-Security_Today">1.1.1.2. Security Today</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
In February of 2000, a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack was unleashed on several of the most heavily-trafficked sites on the Internet. The attack rendered yahoo.com, cnn.com, amazon.com, fbi.gov, and several other sites completely unreachable to normal users, as it tied up routers for several hours with large-byte ICMP packet transfers, also called a <em class="firstterm">ping flood</em>. The attack was brought on by unknown assailants using specially created, widely available programs that scanned vulnerable network servers, installed client applications called <em class="firstterm">trojans</em> on the servers, and timed an attack with every infected server flooding the victim sites and rendering them unavailable. Many blame the attack on fundamental flaws in the way routers and the protocols used are structured to accept all incoming data, no matter where or for what purpose the packets are sent.
</div><div class="para">
- In 2007, a data breach exploiting the widely-known weaknesses of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) wireless encryption protocol resulted in the theft from a global financial institution of over 45 million credit card numbers.<sup>[<a id="id1999711" href="#ftn.id1999711" class="footnote">3</a>]</sup>
+ In 2007, a data breach exploiting the widely-known weaknesses of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) wireless encryption protocol resulted in the theft from a global financial institution of over 45 million credit card numbers.<sup>[<a id="id2089312" href="#ftn.id2089312" class="footnote">3</a>]</sup>
</div><div class="para">
- In a separate incident, the billing records of over 2.2 million patients stored on a backup tape were stolen from the front seat of a courier's car.<sup>[<a id="id1999708" href="#ftn.id1999708" class="footnote">4</a>]</sup>
+ In a separate incident, the billing records of over 2.2 million patients stored on a backup tape were stolen from the front seat of a courier's car.<sup>[<a id="id2117452" href="#ftn.id2117452" class="footnote">4</a>]</sup>
</div><div class="para">
- Currently, an estimated 1.4 billion people use or have used the Internet worldwide.<sup>[<a id="id1993985" href="#ftn.id1993985" class="footnote">5</a>]</sup> At the same time:
+ Currently, an estimated 1.4 billion people use or have used the Internet worldwide.<sup>[<a id="id2117393" href="#ftn.id2117393" class="footnote">5</a>]</sup> At the same time:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
- On any given day, there are approximately 225 major incidences of security breach reported to the CERT Coordination Center at Carnegie Mellon University.<sup>[<a id="id1994018" href="#ftn.id1994018" class="footnote">6</a>]</sup>
+ On any given day, there are approximately 225 major incidences of security breach reported to the CERT Coordination Center at Carnegie Mellon University.<sup>[<a id="id2117423" href="#ftn.id2117423" class="footnote">6</a>]</sup>
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
- In 2003, the number of CERT reported incidences jumped to 137,529 from 82,094 in 2002 and from 52,658 in 2001.<sup>[<a id="id1994001" href="#ftn.id1994001" class="footnote">7</a>]</sup>
+ In 2003, the number of CERT reported incidences jumped to 137,529 from 82,094 in 2002 and from 52,658 in 2001.<sup>[<a id="id2117411" href="#ftn.id2117411" class="footnote">7</a>]</sup>
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
- The worldwide economic impact of the three most dangerous Internet Viruses of the last three years was estimated at US$13.2 Billion.<sup>[<a id="id1993986" href="#ftn.id1993986" class="footnote">8</a>]</sup>
+ The worldwide economic impact of the three most dangerous Internet Viruses of the last three years was estimated at US$13.2 Billion.<sup>[<a id="id2117396" href="#ftn.id2117396" class="footnote">8</a>]</sup>
</div></li></ul></div><div class="para">
- From a 2008 global survey of business and technology executives "The Global State of Information Security"<sup>[<a id="id1993972" href="#ftn.id1993972" class="footnote">9</a>]</sup>, undertaken by <span class="emphasis"><em>CIO Magazine</em></span>, some points are:
+ From a 2008 global survey of business and technology executives "The Global State of Information Security"<sup>[<a id="id2117383" href="#ftn.id2117383" class="footnote">9</a>]</sup>, undertaken by <span class="emphasis"><em>CIO Magazine</em></span>, some points are:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
Just 43% of respondents audit or monitor user compliance with security policies
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
@@ -100,22 +100,22 @@
Personnel registration and accounting
</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="section" title="1.1.4. Conclusion"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.4. Conclusion</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Now that you have learned about the origins, reasons, and aspects of security, you will find it easier to determine the appropriate course of action with regard to Fedora. It is important to know what factors and conditions make up security in order to plan and implement a proper strategy. With this information in mind, the process can be formalized and the path becomes clearer as you delve deeper into the specifics of the security process.
- </div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1999771" href="#id1999771" class="para">1</a>] </sup>
+ </div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2089372" href="#id2089372" class="para">1</a>] </sup>
http://law.jrank.org/pages/3791/Kevin-Mitnick-Case-1999.html
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1999763" href="#id1999763" class="para">2</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2089364" href="#id2089364" class="para">2</a>] </sup>
http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ia_hackers_levin.htm
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1999711" href="#id1999711" class="para">3</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2089312" href="#id2089312" class="para">3</a>] </sup>
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/05/04/txj_nonfeasance/
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1999708" href="#id1999708" class="para">4</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2117452" href="#id2117452" class="para">4</a>] </sup>
http://www.healthcareitnews.com/story.cms?id=9408
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1993985" href="#id1993985" class="para">5</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2117393" href="#id2117393" class="para">5</a>] </sup>
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1994018" href="#id1994018" class="para">6</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2117423" href="#id2117423" class="para">6</a>] </sup>
http://www.cert.org
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1994001" href="#id1994001" class="para">7</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2117411" href="#id2117411" class="para">7</a>] </sup>
http://www.cert.org/stats/fullstats.html
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1993986" href="#id1993986" class="para">8</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2117396" href="#id2117396" class="para">8</a>] </sup>
http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/16407.html
- </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1993972" href="#id1993972" class="para">9</a>] </sup>
+ </p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2117383" href="#id2117383" class="para">9</a>] </sup>
http://www.csoonline.com/article/454939/The_Global_State_of_Information_Security_
</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2. We Need Feedback!</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Next</strong>1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://do
cs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance">Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html#sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configu
re_Security_Updates.html">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://do
cs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="chapter" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance">Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html#sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configu
re_Security_Updates.html">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
Software maintenance is extremely important to maintaining a secure system. It is vital to patch software as soon as it becomes available in order to prevent attackers from using known holes to infiltrate your system.
</div><div class="section" title="6.1. Install Minimal Software"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
It is best practice to install only the packages you will use because each piece of software on your computer could possibly contain a vulnerability. If you are installing from the DVD media take the opportunity to select exactly what packages you want to install during the installation. When you find you need another package, you can always add it to the system later.
Index: index.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>security-guide</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><meta name="description" content="The Fedora Security Guide is designed to assist users of Fedora in learning the processes and practices of securing workstations and servers against local and remote intrusion, exploitation, and malicious activity. Focused on Fedora Linux but detailing concepts and techniques valid for all Linux systems, The Fedora Security Guide details the planning and the tools involved in creating a secured computing environment for the data center, workplace, and home. With proper administrative knowledge, vigilance, and tools, systems running Linux can be both fully functional and secured from most common intru
sion and exploit methods." /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="next" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="book" title="security-guide" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div class="producttitle"><span class="productname">Fedora</span> <span class="productnumber">12</span></div><div><h1 id="id1992916" class="title">security-guide</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">A Guide to Securing Fedora Linux</h2></div><p class="edition">Edition 1.0</
p><div><h3 class="corpauthor">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>security-guide</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><meta name="description" content="The Fedora Security Guide is designed to assist users of Fedora in learning the processes and practices of securing workstations and servers against local and remote intrusion, exploitation, and malicious activity. Focused on Fedora Linux but detailing concepts and techniques valid for all Linux systems, The Fedora Security Guide details the planning and the tools involved in creating a secured computing environment for the data center, workplace, and home. With proper administrative knowledge, vigilance, and tools, systems running Linux can be both fully functional and secured from most common intru
sion and exploit methods." /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="next" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="book" title="security-guide" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div class="producttitle"><span class="productname">Fedora</span> <span class="productnumber">12</span></div><div><h1 id="id2046386" class="title">security-guide</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">A Guide to Securing Fedora Linux</h2></div><p class="edition">Edition 12.1<
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<span class="inlinemediaobject"><object data="Common_Content/images/title_logo.svg" type="image/svg+xml"> Logo</object></span>
- </h3></div><div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="authorgroup" lang="en-US"><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Johnray</span> <span class="surname">Fuller</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:jrfuller at redhat.com">jrfuller at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="surname">Ha</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:jha at redhat.com">jha at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">O'Brien</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:daobrien at redhat.com">daobrien at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstna
me">Scott</span> <span class="surname">Radvan</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:sradvan at redhat.com">sradvan at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Eric</span> <span class="surname">Christensen</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Fedora Project</span> <span class="orgdiv">Documentation Team</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:sparks at fedoraproject.org">sparks at fedoraproject.org</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Adam</span> <span class="surname">Ligas</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Fedora Project</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:adam at physco.com">adam at physco.com</a></code></div></div></div><hr /><div><div id="id2070170" class="legalnotice"><h1 class="legalnotice">Legal Notice</h1><div class=
"para">
+ </h3></div><div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="authorgroup" lang="en-US"><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Johnray</span> <span class="surname">Fuller</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:jrfuller at redhat.com">jrfuller at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="surname">Ha</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:jha at redhat.com">jha at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">O'Brien</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:daobrien at redhat.com">daobrien at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstna
me">Scott</span> <span class="surname">Radvan</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:sradvan at redhat.com">sradvan at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Eric</span> <span class="surname">Christensen</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Fedora Project</span> <span class="orgdiv">Documentation Team</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:sparks at fedoraproject.org">sparks at fedoraproject.org</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Adam</span> <span class="surname">Ligas</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Fedora Project</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:adam at physco.com">adam at physco.com</a></code></div></div></div><hr /><div><div id="id2094449" class="legalnotice"><h1 class="legalnotice">Legal Notice</h1><div class=
"para">
Copyright <span class="trademark"></span>© 2009 Red Hat, Inc.
</div><div class="para">
The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/</a>. The original authors of this document, and Red Hat, designate the Fedora Project as the "Attribution Party" for purposes of CC-BY-SA. In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version.
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@
With proper administrative knowledge, vigilance, and tools, systems
running Linux can be both fully functional and secured from most
common intrusion and exploit methods.
-</div></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html">Preface</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id1508322">1. Document Conventions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id1957374">1.1. Typographic Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id1966466">1.2. Pull-quote Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id1930644">1.3. Notes and Warnings</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="We_Need_Feedback.html">2. We Need Feedback!</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html">1. Security Overview</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduc
tion_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-SELinux">1.1.2. SELinux</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Security_Controls">1.1.3. Security Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.4. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vul
nerability_Assessment.html#sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Thinking_Like_the_Enemy">1.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html#sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html">1.3.2. Threats to Network Sec
urity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html">1.5. Security Updates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates-Updating_Packages">1.5.1. Updating Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html">1.5.4. Applying the Changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html">2. Securing Your Network</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Release_Notes-Security-Install-trusted-packages">2.1. Local users may install trusted packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html">2.2. Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.2.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dt><sp
an class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html">2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html">2.2.3. Password Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html">2.2.4. Administrative Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html">2.2.5. Available Network Services</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html">2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html">2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_G
uide-Server_Security.html">2.3. Server Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.3.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html">2.3.2. Securing Portmap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html">2.3.3. Securing NIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html">2.3.4. Securing NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html">2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html">2.3.6. Securing FTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="s
ection"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html">2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html">2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html">2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html#sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.4.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html">2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html">2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Secur
ity_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html">2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html">2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html">2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html#sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.5.1. Advantages of PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html">2.5.
3. PAM Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html">2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html">2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html">2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html">2.5.8. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Gu
ide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html">2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.6.1. TCP Wrappers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html">2.6.3. xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html">2.6.5. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html">2.7. Kerberos</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><
span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html#sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.7.1. What is Kerberos?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html">2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html">2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html">2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html">2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html">2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html">2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</a></span><
/dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html">2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html">2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html">2.7.10. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html">2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html#sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-How_Does_a_VPN_Work">2.8.1. How Does a VPN Work?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html">2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a h
ref="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html">2.8.3. IPsec</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html">2.8.5. IPsec Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html">2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html">2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr cla
ss="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html">2.9. Firewalls</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.9.1. Netfilter and IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html">2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html">2.9.3. Using IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html">2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html">2.9.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sectio
n"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html">2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html">2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html">2.9.8. IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html">2.9.9. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html">2.10. IPTables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html#sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.10.1. Packet Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html">2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span
class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html">2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html">2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html">2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html">2.10.6. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html">3. Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="s
ection"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html">3.3. File Based Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html">3.4. Data in Motion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html">3.6. Secure Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html">3.7.2
. Manually Encrypting Directories</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html">3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href=
"sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html">3.8.4. Things of note</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><
a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html">4. General Principles of Information Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security-Tips_Guides_and_Tools">4.1. Tips, Guides, and Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html">5. Secure Installation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html#sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Dis
k_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html">6. Software Maintenance</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html#sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Mainte
nance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html">7. References</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Next</strong>Preface</a></li></ul></body></html>
+</div></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html">Preface</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id2099643">1. Document Conventions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id1998321">1.1. Typographic Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id2028109">1.2. Pull-quote Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html#id2009920">1.3. Notes and Warnings</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="We_Need_Feedback.html">2. We Need Feedback!</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html">1. Security Overview</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduc
tion_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-SELinux">1.1.2. SELinux</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Security_Controls">1.1.3. Security Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.4. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vul
nerability_Assessment.html#sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Thinking_Like_the_Enemy">1.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html#sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html">1.3.2. Threats to Network Sec
urity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html">1.5. Security Updates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates-Updating_Packages">1.5.1. Updating Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html">1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html">1.5.4. Applying the Changes</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html">2. Securing Your Network</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Release_Notes-Security-Install-trusted-packages">2.1. Local users may install trusted packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html">2.2. Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.2.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dt><sp
an class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html">2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html">2.2.3. Password Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html">2.2.4. Administrative Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html">2.2.5. Available Network Services</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html">2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html">2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_G
uide-Server_Security.html">2.3. Server Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.3.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html">2.3.2. Securing Portmap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html">2.3.3. Securing NIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html">2.3.4. Securing NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html">2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html">2.3.6. Securing FTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="s
ection"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html">2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html">2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html">2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html#sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.4.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html">2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html">2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Secur
ity_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html">2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html">2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html">2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html#sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.5.1. Advantages of PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html">2.5.
3. PAM Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html">2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html">2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html">2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html">2.5.8. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Gu
ide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html">2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.6.1. TCP Wrappers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html">2.6.3. xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html">2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html">2.6.5. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html">2.7. Kerberos</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><
span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html#sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.7.1. What is Kerberos?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html">2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html">2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html">2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html">2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html">2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html">2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</a></span><
/dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html">2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html">2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html">2.7.10. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html">2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html#sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-How_Does_a_VPN_Work">2.8.1. How Does a VPN Work?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html">2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a h
ref="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html">2.8.3. IPsec</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html">2.8.5. IPsec Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html">2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html">2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr cla
ss="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html">2.9. Firewalls</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.9.1. Netfilter and IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html">2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html">2.9.3. Using IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html">2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html">2.9.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sectio
n"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html">2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html">2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html">2.9.8. IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html">2.9.9. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html">2.10. IPTables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html#sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.10.1. Packet Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html">2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span
class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html">2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html">2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html">2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html">2.10.6. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html">3. Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="s
ection"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html">3.3. File Based Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html">3.4. Data in Motion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html">3.6. Secure Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html">3.7.2
. Manually Encrypting Directories</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html">3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href=
"sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html">3.8.4. Things of note</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><
a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html">4. General Principles of Information Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security-Tips_Guides_and_Tools">4.1. Tips, Guides, and Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html">5. Secure Installation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html#sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Dis
k_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html">6. Software Maintenance</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html#sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Mainte
nance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html">7. References</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Next</strong>Preface</a></li></ul></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Preface</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="next" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="index.html"><strong>Prev</stro
ng></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="preface" title="Preface" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 id="pref-Security_Guide-Preface" class="title">Preface</h1></div></div></div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1. Document Conventions" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="id1508322">1. Document Conventions</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Preface</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="prev" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="next" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="index.html"><strong>Prev</stro
ng></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="preface" title="Preface" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 id="pref-Security_Guide-Preface" class="title">Preface</h1></div></div></div><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1. Document Conventions" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="id2099643">1. Document Conventions</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
This manual uses several conventions to highlight certain words and phrases and draw attention to specific pieces of information.
</div><div class="para">
In PDF and paper editions, this manual uses typefaces drawn from the <a href="https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/">Liberation Fonts</a> set. The Liberation Fonts set is also used in HTML editions if the set is installed on your system. If not, alternative but equivalent typefaces are displayed. Note: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and later includes the Liberation Fonts set by default.
- </div><div class="section" title="1.1. Typographic Conventions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id1957374">1.1. Typographic Conventions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+ </div><div class="section" title="1.1. Typographic Conventions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id1998321">1.1. Typographic Conventions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Four typographic conventions are used to call attention to specific words and phrases. These conventions, and the circumstances they apply to, are as follows.
</div><div class="para">
<code class="literal">Mono-spaced Bold</code>
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
Aside from standard usage for presenting the title of a work, italics denotes the first use of a new and important term. For example:
</div><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="para">
When the Apache HTTP Server accepts requests, it dispatches child processes or threads to handle them. This group of child processes or threads is known as a <em class="firstterm">server-pool</em>. Under Apache HTTP Server 2.0, the responsibility for creating and maintaining these server-pools has been abstracted to a group of modules called <em class="firstterm">Multi-Processing Modules</em> (<em class="firstterm">MPMs</em>). Unlike other modules, only one module from the MPM group can be loaded by the Apache HTTP Server.
- </div></blockquote></div></div><div class="section" title="1.2. Pull-quote Conventions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id1966466">1.2. Pull-quote Conventions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+ </div></blockquote></div></div><div class="section" title="1.2. Pull-quote Conventions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id2028109">1.2. Pull-quote Conventions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Terminal output and source code listings are set off visually from the surrounding text.
</div><div class="para">
Output sent to a terminal is set in <code class="computeroutput">mono-spaced roman</code> and presented thus:
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
System.<span class="perl_Function">out</span>.<span class="perl_Function">println</span>(<span class="perl_String">"Echo.echo('Hello') = "</span> + echo.<span class="perl_Function">echo</span>(<span class="perl_String">"Hello"</span>));
}
}
-</pre></pre></div><div class="section" title="1.3. Notes and Warnings"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id1930644">1.3. Notes and Warnings</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+</pre></pre></div><div class="section" title="1.3. Notes and Warnings"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id2009920">1.3. Notes and Warnings</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Finally, we use three visual styles to draw attention to information that might otherwise be overlooked.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
Notes are tips, shortcuts or alternative approaches to the task at hand. Ignoring a note should have no negative consequences, but you might miss out on a trick that makes your life easier.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.5.3. Related Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.
org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.5.3. Related Books"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books">2.6.5.3. Related Books</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.5.3. Related Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.
org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.5.3. Related Books"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books">2.6.5.3. Related Books</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<em class="citetitle">Hacking Linux Exposed</em> by Brian Hatch, James Lee, and George Kurtz; Osbourne/McGraw-Hill — An excellent security resource with information about TCP Wrappers and <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>.
</div></li></ul></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.7. Kerberos</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.9.3. Related Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src
="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.9.3. Related Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation">2.9.9.3. Related Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.9.3. Related Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src
="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.9.3. Related Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation">2.9.9.3. Related Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<em class="citetitle">Red Hat Linux Firewalls</em>, by Bill McCarty; Red Hat Press — a comprehensive reference to building network and server firewalls using open source packet filtering technology such as Netfilter and <code class="command">iptables</code>. It includes topics that cover analyzing firewall logs, developing firewall rules, and customizing your firewall using various graphical tools.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<em class="citetitle">Linux Firewalls</em>, by Robert Ziegler; New Riders Press — contains a wealth of information on building firewalls using both 2.2 kernel <code class="command">ipchains</code> as well as Netfilter and <code class="command">iptables</code>. Additional security topics such as remote access issues and intrusion detection systems are also covered.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.9.9.3. Related Documentation" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://
docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites">2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.9.9.3. Related Documentation" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://
docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites">2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.netfilter.org/">http://www.netfilter.org/</a> — The official homepage of the Netfilter and <code class="command">iptables</code> project.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.tldp.org/">http://www.tldp.org/</a> — The Linux Documentation Project contains several useful guides relating to firewall creation and administration.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
on_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites">2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
on_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites">2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.netfilter.org/">http://www.netfilter.org/</a> — The home of the netfilter/iptables project. Contains assorted information about <code class="command">iptables</code>, including a FAQ addressing specific problems and various helpful guides by Rusty Russell, the Linux IP firewall maintainer. The HOWTO documents on the site cover subjects such as basic networking concepts, kernel packet filtering, and NAT configurations.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.linuxnewbie.org/nhf/Security/IPtables_Basics.html">http://www.linuxnewbie.org/nhf/Security/IPtables_Basics.html</a> — An introduction to the way packets move through the Linux kernel, plus an introduction to constructing basic <code class="command">iptables</code> commands.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:57 -0000 1.6
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html 20 Nov 2009 22:13:59 -0000 1.7
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites">2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites">2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/</a> — <em class="citetitle">Kerberos: The Network Authentication Protocol</em> webpage from MIT.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.nrl.navy.mil/CCS/people/kenh/kerberos-faq.html">http://www.nrl.navy.mil/CCS/people/kenh/kerberos-faq.html</a> — The Kerberos Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:57 -0000 1.6
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html 20 Nov 2009 22:13:59 -0000 1.7
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a
class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites">2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a
class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites">2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/</a> — The primary distribution website for the Linux-PAM project, containing information on various PAM modules, a FAQ, and additional PAM documentation.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
The documentation in the above website is for the last released upstream version of PAM and might not be 100% accurate for the PAM version included in Fedora.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.6.5.3. Related Books" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="righ
t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites">2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.6.5.3. Related Books" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="righ
t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites">2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.xinetd.org">http://www.xinetd.org/</a> — The home of <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>, containing sample configuration files, a full listing of features, and an informative FAQ.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2133633/An-Unofficial-Xinetd-Tutorial">http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2133633/An-Unofficial-Xinetd-Tutorial</a> — A thorough tutorial that discusses many different ways to optimize default <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> configuration files to meet specific security goals.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html
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retrieving revision 1.3
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.3
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site
" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access">2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site
" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access">2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
If an administrator is uncomfortable allowing users to log in as root for these or other reasons, the root password should be kept secret, and access to runlevel one or single user mode should be disallowed through boot loader password protection (refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords">Section 2.2.2.2, “Boot Loader Passwordsâ€</a> for more information on this topic.)
</div><div class="para">
<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html#tabl-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Methods_of_Disabling_the_Root_Account" title="Table 2.1. Methods of Disabling the Root Account">Table 2.1, “Methods of Disabling the Root Accountâ€</a> describes ways that an administrator can further ensure that root logins are disallowed:
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@
</td></tr><tr><td>
Use PAM to limit root access to services.
</td><td>
- Edit the file for the target service in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. Make sure the <code class="filename">pam_listfile.so</code> is required for authentication.<sup>[<a id="id1966836" href="#ftn.id1966836" class="footnote">a</a>]</sup>
+ Edit the file for the target service in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. Make sure the <code class="filename">pam_listfile.so</code> is required for authentication.<sup>[<a id="id2125993" href="#ftn.id2125993" class="footnote">a</a>]</sup>
</td><td>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td> Prevents root access to network services that are PAM aware. </td></tr><tr><td> The following services are prevented from accessing the root account: </td></tr><tr><td> · FTP clients </td></tr><tr><td> · Email clients </td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">login</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">gdm</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">kdm</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">xdm</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">ssh</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">scp</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">sftp</code></td></tr><tr><td> · Any PAM aware services </td></tr></table>
</td><td>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td> Programs and services that are not PAM aware. </td></tr></table>
- </td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="4"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1966836" href="#id1966836" class="para">a</a>] </sup>
+ </td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="4"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2125993" href="#id2125993" class="para">a</a>] </sup>
Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM">Section 2.2.4.2.4, “Disabling Root Using PAMâ€</a> for details.
</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h6>Table 2.1. Methods of Disabling the Root Account</h6></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.1. Disabling the Root Shell"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_the_Root_Shell">2.2.4.2.1. Disabling the Root Shell</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
To prevent users from logging in directly as root, the system administrator can set the root account's shell to <code class="command">/sbin/nologin</code> in the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file. This prevents access to the root account through commands that require a shell, such as the <code class="command">su</code> and the <code class="command">ssh</code> commands.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html" title="2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a
><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access">2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html" title="2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a
><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access">2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Rather than completely denying access to the root user, the administrator may want to allow access only via setuid programs, such as <code class="command">su</code> or <code class="command">sudo</code>.
</div><div class="section" title="2.2.4.3.1. The su Command"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_su_Command">2.2.4.3.1. The <code class="command">su</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
When a user executes the <code class="command">su</code> command, they are prompted for the root password and, after authentication, is given a root shell prompt.
</div><div class="para">
- Once logged in via the <code class="command">su</code> command, the user <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> the root user and has absolute administrative access to the system<sup>[<a id="id2056722" href="#ftn.id2056722" class="footnote">13</a>]</sup>. In addition, once a user has become root, it is possible for them to use the <code class="command">su</code> command to change to any other user on the system without being prompted for a password.
+ Once logged in via the <code class="command">su</code> command, the user <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> the root user and has absolute administrative access to the system<sup>[<a id="id2105402" href="#ftn.id2105402" class="footnote">13</a>]</sup>. In addition, once a user has become root, it is possible for them to use the <code class="command">su</code> command to change to any other user on the system without being prompted for a password.
</div><div class="para">
Because this program is so powerful, administrators within an organization may wish to limit who has access to the command.
</div><div class="para">
@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@
<span class="guilabel"><strong>Groups</strong></span> pane illustration
</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.2. Adding users to the "wheel" group.</h6></div><br class="figure-break" /><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
The root user is part of the <code class="computeroutput">wheel</code> group by default.
- </div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2056722" href="#id2056722" class="para">13</a>] </sup>
+ </div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2105402" href="#id2105402" class="para">13</a>] </sup>
This access is still subject to the restrictions imposed by SELinux, if it is enabled.
</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command</a></li></ul></body></html>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href
="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options">2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href
="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options">2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Users of <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> services can choose to use the TCP Wrappers hosts access rules, provide access control via the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> configuration files, or a mixture of both. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files">Section 2.6.2, “TCP Wrappers Configuration Filesâ€</a> for more information about TCP Wrappers hosts access control files.
</div><div class="para">
This section discusses using <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> to control access to services.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options">2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options">2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
The service configuration files for <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> support binding the service to an IP address and redirecting incoming requests for that service to another IP address, hostname, or port.
</div><div class="para">
Binding is controlled with the <code class="option">bind</code> option in the service-specific configuration files and links the service to one IP address on the system. When this is configured, the <code class="option">bind</code> option only allows requests to the correct IP address to access the service. You can use this method to bind different services to different network interfaces based on requirements.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.6
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org
"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options">2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org
"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options">2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> daemon can add a basic level of protection from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. The following is a list of directives which can aid in limiting the effectiveness of such attacks:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="option">per_source</code> — Defines the maximum number of instances for a service per source IP address. It accepts only integers as an argument and can be used in both <code class="filename">xinetd.conf</code> and in the service-specific configuration files in the <code class="filename">xinetd.d/</code> directory.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a>
<a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a>
<a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Bad practices when configuring the following aspects of a network can increase the risk of attack.
</div><div class="section" title="1.3.2.1. Insecure Architectures"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Network_Security-Insecure_Architectures">1.3.2.1. Insecure Architectures</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
A misconfigured network is a primary entry point for unauthorized users. Leaving a trust-based, open local network vulnerable to the highly-insecure Internet is much like leaving a door ajar in a crime-ridden neighborhood — nothing may happen for an arbitrary amount of time, but <span class="emphasis"><em>eventually</em></span> someone exploits the opportunity.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Si
te" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Si
te" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Server security is as important as network security because servers often hold a great deal of an organization's vital information. If a server is compromised, all of its contents may become available for the cracker to steal or manipulate at will. The following sections detail some of the main issues.
</div><div class="section" title="1.3.3.1. Unused Services and Open Ports"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unused_Services_and_Open_Ports">1.3.3.1. Unused Services and Open Ports</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
A full installation of Fedora contains 1000+ application and library packages. However, most server administrators do not opt to install every single package in the distribution, preferring instead to install a base installation of packages, including several server applications.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Workstations and home PCs may not be as prone to attack as networks or servers, but since they often contain sensitive data, such as credit card information, they are targeted by system crackers. Workstations can also be co-opted without the user's knowledge and used by attackers as "slave" machines in coordinated attacks. For these reasons, knowing the vulnerabilities of a workstation can save users the headache of reinstalling the operating system, or worse, recovering from data theft.
</div><div class="section" title="1.3.4.1. Bad Passwords"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Bad_Passwords">1.3.4.1. Bad Passwords</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Bad passwords are one of the easiest ways for an attacker to gain access to a system. For more on how to avoid common pitfalls when creating a password, refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security">Section 2.2.3, “Password Securityâ€</a>.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
To plan and implement a good security strategy, first be aware of some of the issues which determined, motivated attackers exploit to compromise systems. However, before detailing these issues, the terminology used when identifying an attacker must be defined.
</div><div class="section" title="1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The modern meaning of the term <em class="firstterm">hacker</em> has origins dating back to the 1960s and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Tech Model Railroad Club, which designed train sets of large scale and intricate detail. Hacker was a name used for club members who discovered a clever trick or workaround for a problem.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html" title="2.2.5.3. Insecure Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services">2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html" title="2.2.5.3. Insecure Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services">2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
To enhance security, most network services installed with Fedora are turned off by default. There are, however, some notable exceptions:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="command">cupsd</code> — The default print server for Fedora.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.3
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.5.3. Insecure Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html" title="2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html" title="2.2.6. Personal Firewalls" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
ng" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.5.3. Insecure Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services">2.2.5.3. Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.5.3. Insecure Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html" title="2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html" title="2.2.6. Personal Firewalls" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
ng" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.5.3. Insecure Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services">2.2.5.3. Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Potentially, any network service is insecure. This is why turning off unused services is so important. Exploits for services are routinely revealed and patched, making it very important to regularly update packages associated with any network service. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates">Section 1.5, “Security Updatesâ€</a> for more information.
</div><div class="para">
Some network protocols are inherently more insecure than others. These include any services that:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.3
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produ
ct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords">2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produ
ct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords">2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The primary reasons for password protecting a Linux boot loader are as follows:
</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Preventing Access to Single User Mode</em></span> — If attackers can boot the system into single user mode, they are logged in automatically as root without being prompted for the root password.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
Next, edit the GRUB configuration file <code class="filename">/boot/grub/grub.conf</code>. Open the file and below the <code class="command">timeout</code> line in the main section of the document, add the following line:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">password --md5 <em class="replaceable"><code><password-hash></code></em></code>
</pre><div class="para">
- Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><password-hash></code></em> with the value returned by <code class="command">/sbin/grub-md5-crypt</code><sup>[<a id="id1997762" href="#ftn.id1997762" class="footnote">12</a>]</sup>.
+ Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><password-hash></code></em> with the value returned by <code class="command">/sbin/grub-md5-crypt</code><sup>[<a id="id1097135" href="#ftn.id1097135" class="footnote">12</a>]</sup>.
</div><div class="para">
The next time the system boots, the GRUB menu prevents access to the editor or command interface without first pressing <span class="keycap"><strong>p</strong></span> followed by the GRUB password.
</div><div class="para">
@@ -36,6 +36,6 @@
</div><div class="para">
Each stanza protected with a unique password should begin with lines similar to the following example:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput">title DOS lock password --md5 <em class="replaceable"><code><password-hash></code></em></code>
-</pre></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1997762" href="#id1997762" class="para">12</a>] </sup>
+</pre></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1097135" href="#id1097135" class="para">12</a>] </sup>
GRUB also accepts unencrypted passwords, but it is recommended that an MD5 hash be used for added security.
</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.3. Password Security</a></li></ul></body></html>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:58 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service">2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service">2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The firewall rules are only active if the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is running. To manually start the service, use the following command:
</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~] # service iptables restart
</pre><div class="para">
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.9.2.3. Trusted Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
ite" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall">2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.9.2.3. Trusted Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
ite" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall">2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Select one of the following options for the firewall:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<span class="guilabel"><strong>Disabled</strong></span> — Disabling the firewall provides complete access to your system and does no security checking. This should only be selected if you are running on a trusted network (not the Internet) or need to configure a custom firewall using the iptables command line tool.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.4. Other Ports</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.9.2.3. Trusted Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="
right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.4. Other Ports"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports">2.9.2.4. Other Ports</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.4. Other Ports</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.9.2.3. Trusted Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="
right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.4. Other Ports"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports">2.9.2.4. Other Ports</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span> includes an <span class="guilabel"><strong>Other ports</strong></span> section for specifying custom IP ports as being trusted by <code class="command">iptables</code>. For example, to allow IRC and Internet printing protocol (IPP) to pass through the firewall, add the following to the <span class="guilabel"><strong>Other ports</strong></span> section:
</div><div class="para">
<code class="computeroutput">194:tcp,631:tcp</code>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.9.2.4. Other Ports" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings">2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.9.2.4. Other Ports" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings">2.9.2.5. Saving the Settings</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Click <span class="guibutton"><strong>OK</strong></span> to save the changes and enable or disable the firewall. If <span class="guilabel"><strong>Enable firewall</strong></span> was selected, the options selected are translated to <code class="command">iptables</code> commands and written to the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code> file. The <code class="command">iptables</code> service is also started so that the firewall is activated immediately after saving the selected options. If <span class="guilabel"><strong>Disable firewall</strong></span> was selected, the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code> file is removed and the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is stopped immediately.
</div><div class="para">
The selected options are also written to the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/system-config-securitylevel</code> file so that the settings can be restored the next time the application is started. Do not edit this file by hand.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.3. Trusted Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.9.2.4. Other Ports" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Pro
duct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.3. Trusted Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services">2.9.2.3. Trusted Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2.3. Trusted Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.9.2.4. Other Ports" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Pro
duct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2.3. Trusted Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services">2.9.2.3. Trusted Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Enabling options in the <span class="guilabel"><strong>Trusted services</strong></span> list allows the specified service to pass through the firewall.
</div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="guilabel"><strong>WWW (HTTP)</strong></span></span></dt><dd><div class="para">
The HTTP protocol is used by Apache (and by other Web servers) to serve web pages. If you plan on making your Web server publicly available, select this check box. This option is not required for viewing pages locally or for developing web pages. This service requires that the <code class="filename">httpd</code> package be installed.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.2. Command Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.2. Command Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options">2.10.2.2. Command Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.2. Command Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.2. Command Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options">2.10.2.2. Command Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Command options instruct <code class="command">iptables</code> to perform a specific action. Only one command option is allowed per <code class="command">iptables</code> command. With the exception of the help command, all commands are written in upper-case characters.
</div><div class="para">
The <code class="command">iptables</code> commands are as follows:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options">2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options">2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Different network protocols provide specialized matching options which can be configured to match a particular packet using that protocol. However, the protocol must first be specified in the <code class="command">iptables</code> command. For example, <code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code><protocol-name></code></em></code> enables options for the specified protocol. Note that you can also use the protocol ID, instead of the protocol name. Refer to the following examples, each of which have the same effect:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT </code>
</pre><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> iptables -A INPUT -p 5813 --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT </code>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.10.2.2. Command Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.10.2.2. Command Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options">2.10.2.3. IPTables Parameter Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Certain <code class="command">iptables</code> commands, including those used to add, append, delete, insert, or replace rules within a particular chain, require various parameters to construct a packet filtering rule.
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="option">-c</code> — Resets the counters for a particular rule. This parameter accepts the <code class="option">PKTS</code> and <code class="option">BYTES</code> options to specify which counter to reset.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.6. Listing Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.10.2.5. Target Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="ht
tp://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.6. Listing Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options">2.10.2.6. Listing Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.6. Listing Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.10.2.5. Target Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="ht
tp://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.6. Listing Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options">2.10.2.6. Listing Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The default list command, <code class="command">iptables -L [<chain-name>]</code>, provides a very basic overview of the default filter table's current chains. Additional options provide more information:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="option">-v</code> — Displays verbose output, such as the number of packets and bytes each chain has processed, the number of packets and bytes each rule has matched, and which interfaces apply to a particular rule.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.5. Target Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.10.2.6. Listing Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produc
t Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.5. Target Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options">2.10.2.5. Target Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.5. Target Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.10.2.6. Listing Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produc
t Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.5. Target Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options">2.10.2.5. Target Options</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
When a packet has matched a particular rule, the rule can direct the packet to a number of different targets which determine the appropriate action. Each chain has a default target, which is used if none of the rules on that chain match a packet or if none of the rules which match the packet specify a target.
</div><div class="para">
The following are the standard targets:
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href
="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href
="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html#tabl-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks-Common_Exploits" title="Table 1.1. Common Exploits">Table 1.1, “Common Exploitsâ€</a> details some of the most common exploits and entry points used by intruders to access organizational network resources. Key to these common exploits are the explanations of how they are performed and how administrators can properly safeguard their network against such attacks.
</div><div class="table" id="tabl-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks-Common_Exploits"><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Common Exploits" border="1"><colgroup><col width="20%" /><col width="40%" /><col width="40%" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>
Exploit
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html
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a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging">2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html" title="2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></
a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging">2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Password aging is another technique used by system administrators to defend against bad passwords within an organization. Password aging means that after a specified period (usually 90 days), the user is prompted to create a new password. The theory behind this is that if a user is forced to change his password periodically, a cracked password is only useful to an intruder for a limited amount of time. The downside to password aging, however, is that users are more likely to write their passwords down.
</div><div class="para">
There are two primary programs used to specify password aging under Fedora: the <code class="command">chage</code> command or the graphical <span class="application"><strong>User Manager</strong></span> (<code class="command">system-config-users</code>) application.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins">2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins">2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
To further limit access to the root account, administrators can disable root logins at the console by editing the <code class="filename">/etc/securetty</code> file. This file lists all devices the root user is allowed to log into. If the file does not exist at all, the root user can log in through any communication device on the system, whether via the console or a raw network interface. This is dangerous, because a user can log in to his machine as root via Telnet, which transmits the password in plain text over the network. By default, Fedora's <code class="filename">/etc/securetty</code> file only allows the root user to log in at the console physically attached to the machine. To prevent root from logging in, remove the contents of this file by typing the following command:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">echo > /etc/securetty</code>
</pre><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins">2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins">2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Root logins via the SSH protocol are disabled by default in Fedora; however, if this option has been enabled, it can be disabled again by editing the SSH daemon's configuration file (<code class="filename">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>). Change the line that reads:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput">PermitRootLogin yes</code>
</pre><div class="para">
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM.html,v
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" al
t="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM">2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html" title="2.2.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" al
t="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM">2.2.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
PAM, through the <code class="filename">/lib/security/pam_listfile.so</code> module, allows great flexibility in denying specific accounts. The administrator can use this module to reference a list of users who are not allowed to log in. Below is an example of how the module is used for the <code class="command">vsftpd</code> FTP server in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/vsftpd</code> PAM configuration file (the <code class="computeroutput">\</code> character at the end of the first line in the following example is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> necessary if the directive is on one line):
</div><pre class="screen">auth required /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user \
sense=deny file=/etc/vsftpd.ftpusers onerr=succeed
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
Open a Terminal: <code class="code">Click ''Applications'' -> ''System Tools'' -> ''Terminal''</code>
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
Install 7-Zip with sudo access: <code class="code">sudo yum install p7zip</code>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8.4. Things of note</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right"
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8.4. Things of note</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right"
href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.8.4. Things of note"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note">3.8.4. Things of note</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
7-Zip is not shipped by default with Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X. If you need to use your 7-Zip files on those platforms you will need to install the appropriate version of 7-Zip on those computers. See the 7-Zip <a href="http://www.7-zip.org/download.html">download page</a>.
</div><div class="para">
GNOME's File Roller application will recognize your .7z files and attempt to open them, but it will fail with the error "''An error occurred while loading the archive.''" when it attempts to do so. This is because File Roller does not currently support the extraction of encrypted 7-Zip files. A bug report ([http://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=490732 Gnome Bug 490732]) has been submitted.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.
png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.
png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
By following these instructions you are going to compress and encrypt your "Documents" directory. Your original "Documents" directory will remain unaltered. This technique can be applied to any directory or file you have access to on the filesystem.
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
Open a Terminal:<code class="code">Click ''Applications'' -> ''System Tools'' -> ''Terminal''</code>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" hre
f="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" hre
f="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
<a href="http://www.7-zip.org/">7-Zip</a> is a cross-platform, next generation, file compression tool that can also use strong encryption (AES-256) to protect the contents of the archive. This is extremely useful when you need to move data between multiple computers that use varying operating systems (i.e. Linux at home, Windows at work) and you want a portable encryption solution.
</div><div class="section" title="3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
7-Zip is not a base package in Fedora, but it is available in the software repository. Once installed, the package will update alongside the rest of the software on the computer with no special attention necessary.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.2. Full Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/imag
es/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.2. Full Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/imag
es/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Full disk or partition encryption is one of the best ways of protecting your data. Not only is each file protected but also the temporary storage that may contain parts of these files is also protected. Full disk encryption will protect all of your files so you don't have to worry about selecting what you want to protect and possibly missing a file.
</div><div class="para">
Fedora 9, and later, natively supports LUKS Encryption. LUKS will bulk encrypt your hard drive partitions so that while your computer is off your data is protected. This will also protect your computer from attackers attempting to use single-user-mode to login to your computer or otherwise gain access.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
ng" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
ng" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography">Wikipedia - Public Key Cryptography</a>
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htm">HowStuffWorks - Encryption</a>
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Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Use the following shell command: <code class="code">gpg --gen-key</code>
</div><div class="para">
This command generates a key pair that consists of a public and a private key. Other people use your public key to authenticate and/or decrypt your communications. Distribute your public key as widely as possible, especially to people who you know will want to receive authentic communications from you, such as a mailing list. The Fedora Documentation Project, for example, asks participants to include a GPG public key in their self-introduction.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="righ
t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="righ
t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Start the KGpg program from the main menu by selecting Applications > Utilities > Encryption Tool. If you have never used KGpg before, the program walks you through the process of creating your own GPG keypair. A dialog box appears prompting you to create a new key pair. Enter your name, email address, and an optional comment. You can also choose an expiration time for your key, as well as the key strength (number of bits) and algorithms. The next dialog box prompts you for your passphrase. At this point, your key appears in the main <code class="code">KGpg</code> window.
</div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
If you forget your passphrase, the key cannot be used and any data encrypted using that key will be lost.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
GPG is used to identify yourself and authenticate your communications, including those with people you don't know. GPG allows anyone reading a GPG-signed email to verify its authenticity. In other words, GPG allows someone to be reasonably certain that communications signed by you actually are from you. GPG is useful because it helps prevent third parties from altering code or intercepting conversations and altering the message.
</div><div class="section" title="3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Install the Seahorse utility, which makes GPG key management easier. From the main menu, select <code class="code">System > Administration > Add/Remove Software</code> and wait for PackageKit to start. Enter <code class="code">Seahorse</code> into the text box and select the Find. Select the checkbox next to the ''seahorse'' package and select ''Apply'' to add the software. You can also install <code class="code">Seahorse</code> at the command line with the command <code class="code">su -c "yum install seahorse"</code>.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="rig
ht" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs">1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="rig
ht" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs">1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Depending upon your target and resources, there are many tools available. There are tools for wireless networks, Novell networks, Windows systems, Linux systems, and more. Another essential part of performing assessments may include reviewing physical security, personnel screening, or voice/PBX network assessment. New concepts, such as <em class="firstterm">war walking</em>, which involves scanning the perimeter of your enterprise's physical structures for wireless network vulnerabilities, are some emerging concepts that you can investigate and, if needed, incorporate into your assessments. Imagination and exposure are the only limits of planning and conducting vulnerability assessments.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Prev</strong>1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Next</strong>1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.2. Nessus</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus">1.2.3.2. Nessus</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.2. Nessus</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus">1.2.3.2. Nessus</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Nessus is a full-service security scanner. The plug-in architecture of Nessus allows users to customize it for their systems and networks. As with any scanner, Nessus is only as good as the signature database it relies upon. Fortunately, Nessus is frequently updated and features full reporting, host scanning, and real-time vulnerability searches. Remember that there could be false positives and false negatives, even in a tool as powerful and as frequently updated as Nessus.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
The Nessus client and server software is included in Fedora repositories but requires a subscription to use. It has been included in this document as a reference to users who may be interested in using this popular application.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.3. Nikto</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.3. Nikto</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto">1.2.3.3. Nikto</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Nikto is an excellent common gateway interface (CGI) script scanner. Nikto not only checks for CGI vulnerabilities but does so in an evasive manner, so as to elude intrusion detection systems. It comes with thorough documentation which should be carefully reviewed prior to running the program. If you have Web servers serving up CGI scripts, Nikto can be an excellent resource for checking the security of these servers.
</div><div class="para">
More information about Nikto can be found at the following URL:
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href=
"http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner">1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href=
"http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner">1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
VLAD is a vulnerabilities scanner developed by the <acronym class="acronym">RAZOR</acronym> team at Bindview, Inc., which checks for the SANS Top Ten list of common security issues (SNMP issues, file sharing issues, etc.). While not as full-featured as Nessus, VLAD is worth investigating.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
VLAD is not included with Fedora and is not supported. It has been included in this document as a reference to users who may be interested in using this popular application.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.9.5.2. Prerouting" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="
right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables">2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.9.5.2. Prerouting" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="
right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables">2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
You can create <code class="command">iptables</code> rules to route traffic to certain machines, such as a dedicated HTTP or FTP server, in a <em class="firstterm">demilitarized zone</em> (<acronym class="acronym">DMZ</acronym>). A <acronym class="acronym">DMZ</acronym> is a special local subnetwork dedicated to providing services on a public carrier, such as the Internet.
</div><div class="para">
For example, to set a rule for routing incoming HTTP requests to a dedicated HTTP server at 10.0.4.2 (outside of the 192.168.1.0/24 range of the LAN), NAT uses the <code class="computeroutput">PREROUTING</code> table to forward the packets to the appropriate destination:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.5.2. Prerouting</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraprojec
t.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.5.2. Prerouting"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting">2.9.5.2. Prerouting</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.5.2. Prerouting</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraprojec
t.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.5.2. Prerouting"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting">2.9.5.2. Prerouting</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
If you have a server on your internal network that you want make available externally, you can use the <code class="option">-j DNAT</code> target of the PREROUTING chain in NAT to specify a destination IP address and port where incoming packets requesting a connection to your internal service can be forwarded.
</div><div class="para">
For example, if you want to forward incoming HTTP requests to your dedicated Apache HTTP Server at 172.31.0.23, use the following command:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.9. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.9.8. IPv6" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_righ
t.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources">2.9.9. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.9. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.9.8. IPv6" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.9.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_righ
t.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources">2.9.9. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
There are several aspects to firewalls and the Linux Netfilter subsystem that could not be covered in this chapter. For more information, refer to the following resources.
</div><div class="section" title="2.9.9.1. Installed Firewall Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_Firewall_Documentation">2.9.9.1. Installed Firewall Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables">Section 2.10, “IPTablesâ€</a> for more detailed information on the <code class="command">iptables</code> command, including definitions for many command options.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html
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rc="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration">2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.9.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img s
rc="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration">2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Just as a firewall in a building attempts to prevent a fire from spreading, a computer firewall attempts to prevent malicious software from spreading to your computer. It also helps to prevent unauthorized users from accessing your computer.
</div><div class="para">
In a default Fedora installation, a firewall exists between your computer or network and any untrusted networks, for example the Internet. It determines which services on your computer remote users can access. A properly configured firewall can greatly increase the security of your system. It is recommended that you configure a firewall for any Fedora system with an Internet connection.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedora
project.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering">2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedora
project.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering">2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Preventing remote attackers from accessing a LAN is one of the most important aspects of network security. The integrity of a LAN should be protected from malicious remote users through the use of stringent firewall rules.
</div><div class="para">
However, with a default policy set to block all incoming, outgoing, and forwarded packets, it is impossible for the firewall/gateway and internal LAN users to communicate with each other or with external resources.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.9.5.2. Prerouting" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/i
mages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules">2.9.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.9.5.2. Prerouting" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/i
mages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules">2.9.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Most ISPs provide only a limited number of publicly routable IP addresses to the organizations they serve.
</div><div class="para">
Administrators must, therefore, find alternative ways to share access to Internet services without giving public IP addresses to every node on the LAN. Using private IP addresses is the most common way of allowing all nodes on a LAN to properly access internal and external network services.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.9.8. IPv6" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking">2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.9.8. IPv6" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking">2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
You can inspect and restrict connections to services based on their <em class="firstterm">connection state.</em> A module within <code class="command">iptables</code> uses a method called <em class="firstterm">connection tracking</em> to store information about incoming connections. You can allow or deny access based on the following connection states:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="option">NEW</code> — A packet requesting a new connection, such as an HTTP request.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.8. IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conten
t/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.8. IPv6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6">2.9.8. IPv6</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.8. IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.9. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conten
t/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.8. IPv6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6">2.9.8. IPv6</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The introduction of the next-generation Internet Protocol, called IPv6, expands beyond the 32-bit address limit of IPv4 (or IP). IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses, and carrier networks that are IPv6 aware are therefore able to address a larger number of routable addresses than IPv4.
</div><div class="para">
Fedora supports IPv6 firewall rules using the Netfilter 6 subsystem and the <code class="command">ip6tables</code> command. In Fedora 12, both IPv4 and IPv6 services are enabled by default.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://
docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses">2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.9.5.3. DMZs and IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.9.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://
docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses">2.9.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
More elaborate rules can be created that control access to specific subnets, or even specific nodes, within a LAN. You can also restrict certain dubious applications or programs such as trojans, worms, and other client/server viruses from contacting their server.
</div><div class="para">
For example, some trojans scan networks for services on ports from 31337 to 31340 (called the <span class="emphasis"><em>elite</em></span> ports in cracking terminology).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.3. Using IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.
fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables">2.9.3. Using IPTables</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.3. Using IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.9.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.
fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables">2.9.3. Using IPTables</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The first step in using <code class="command">iptables</code> is to start the <code class="command">iptables</code> service. Use the following command to start the <code class="command">iptables</code> service:
</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~] # service iptables start
</pre><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9. Firewalls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
ite" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.9. Firewalls" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls">2.9. Firewalls</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9. Firewalls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
ite" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.9. Firewalls" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls">2.9. Firewalls</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Information security is commonly thought of as a process and not a product. However, standard security implementations usually employ some form of dedicated mechanism to control access privileges and restrict network resources to users who are authorized, identifiable, and traceable. Fedora includes several tools to assist administrators and security engineers with network-level access control issues.
</div><div class="para">
Firewalls are one of the core components of a network security implementation. Several vendors market firewall solutions catering to all levels of the marketplace: from home users protecting one PC to data center solutions safeguarding vital enterprise information. Firewalls can be stand-alone hardware solutions, such as firewall appliances by Cisco, Nokia, and Sonicwall. Vendors such as Checkpoint, McAfee, and Symantec have also developed proprietary software firewall solutions for home and business markets.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.6. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
mon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources">2.10.6. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.6. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.10.6.2. Useful IP Tables Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
mon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources">2.10.6. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Refer to the following sources for additional information on packet filtering with <code class="command">iptables</code>.
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls">Section 2.9, “Firewallsâ€</a> — Contains a chapter about the role of firewalls within an overall security strategy as well as strategies for constructing firewall rules.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.10.2.2. Command Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.pn
g" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables">2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.10.2.2. Command Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.pn
g" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables">2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Rules for filtering packets are created using the <code class="command">iptables</code> command. The following aspects of the packet are most often used as criteria:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Packet Type</em></span> — Specifies the type of packets the command filters.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images
/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts">2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images
/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts">2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
There are two basic methods for controlling <code class="command">iptables</code> in Fedora:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span> (<code class="command">system-config-securitylevel</code>) — A graphical interface for creating, activating, and saving basic firewall rules. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.9.2. Basic Firewall Configuration">Section 2.9.2, “Basic Firewall Configurationâ€</a> for more information.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/i
mages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6">2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.10.6. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/i
mages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6">2.10.5. IPTables and IPv6</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
If the <code class="filename">iptables-ipv6</code> package is installed, netfilter in Fedora can filter the next-generation IPv6 Internet protocol. The command used to manipulate the IPv6 netfilter is <code class="command">ip6tables</code>.
</div><div class="para">
Most directives for this command are identical to those used for <code class="command">iptables</code>, except the <code class="command">nat</code> table is not yet supported. This means that it is not yet possible to perform IPv6 network address translation tasks, such as masquerading and port forwarding.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.10.2.6. Listing Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.10. IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.10.2.6. Listing Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.10.4. IPTables Control Scripts" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules">2.10.3. Saving IPTables Rules</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Rules created with the <code class="command">iptables</code> command are stored in memory. If the system is restarted before saving the <code class="command">iptables</code> rule set, all rules are lost. For netfilter rules to persist through a system reboot, they need to be saved. To save netfilter rules, type the following command as root:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> /sbin/service iptables save </code>
</pre><div class="para">
Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10. IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.9.9.3. Related Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.10. IPTables" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables">2.10. IPTables</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10. IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.9.9.3. Related Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.10.2. Command Options for IPTables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.10. IPTables" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables">2.10. IPTables</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Included with Fedora are advanced tools for network <em class="firstterm">packet filtering</em> — the process of controlling network packets as they enter, move through, and exit the network stack within the kernel. Kernel versions prior to 2.4 relied on <code class="command">ipchains</code> for packet filtering and used lists of rules applied to packets at each step of the filtering process. The 2.4 kernel introduced <code class="command">iptables</code> (also called <em class="firstterm">netfilter</em>), which is similar to <code class="command">ipchains</code> but greatly expands the scope and control available for filtering network packets.
</div><div class="para">
This chapter focuses on packet filtering basics, explains various options available with <code class="command">iptables</code> commands, and explains how filtering rules can be preserved between system reboots.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.10.2.5. Target Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /
></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules">2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.10.2.5. Target Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /
></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules">2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Additional match options are available through modules loaded by the <code class="command">iptables</code> command.
</div><div class="para">
To use a match option module, load the module by name using the <code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code><module-name></code></em></code>, where <em class="replaceable"><code><module-name></code></em> is the name of the module.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produ
ct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol">2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.10.2.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produ
ct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol">2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
The following match options are available for the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) (<code class="option">-p icmp</code>):
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="option">--icmp-type</code> — Sets the name or number of the ICMP type to match with the rule. A list of valid ICMP names can be retrieved by typing the <code class="command">iptables -p icmp -h</code> command.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></
a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol">2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.10.2.4. IPTables Match Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.10.2.4.3. ICMP Protocol" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></
a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol">2.10.2.4.2. UDP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
These match options are available for the UDP protocol (<code class="option">-p udp</code>):
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="option">--dport</code> — Specifies the destination port of the UDP packet, using the service name, port number, or range of port numbers. The <code class="option">--destination-port</code> match option is synonymous with <code class="option">--dport</code>.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="l
eft" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.8.6.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Host-to-Host Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="l
eft" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.8.6.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Host-to-Host Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The first step in creating a connection is to gather system and network information from each workstation. For a host-to-host connection, you need the following:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
The IP address of each host
Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection" /></head><bod
y class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.8.7.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Network-to-Network Configuration</h4></div>
</div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection" /></head><bod
y class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.8.7.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Network-to-Network Configuration</h4></div>
</div></div><div class="para">
Suppose <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A (lana.example.com) and <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B (lanb.example.com) want to connect to each other through an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunnel. The network address for <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A is in the 192.168.1.0/24 range, while <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B uses the 192.168.2.0/24 range. The gateway IP address is 192.168.1.254 for <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A and 192.168.2.254 for <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B. The <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> routers are separate from each <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> gateway and use two network devices: eth0 is assigned to an externally-accessible static IP address which accesses the Internet, while eth1 acts as a routing point to process and transmit <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> packets from one network node to the remote network nodes.
</div><div class="para">
The <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection between each network uses a pre-shared key with the value of <code class="computeroutput">r3dh4tl1nux</code>, and the administrators of A and B agree to let <code class="command">racoon</code> automatically generate and share an authentication key between each <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> router. The administrator of <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A decides to name the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection <code class="computeroutput">ipsec0</code>, while the administrator of <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B names the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection <code class="computeroutput">ipsec1</code>.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.10. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://d
ocs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources">2.7.10. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.10. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://d
ocs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources">2.7.10. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
For more information about Kerberos, refer to the following resources.
</div><div class="section" title="2.7.10.1. Installed Kerberos Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_Kerberos_Documentation">2.7.10.1. Installed Kerberos Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
The <em class="citetitle">Kerberos V5 Installation Guide</em> and the <em class="citetitle">Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide</em> in PostScript and HTML formats. These can be found in the <code class="filename">/usr/share/doc/krb5-server-<em class="replaceable"><code><version-number></code></em>/</code> directory (where <em class="replaceable"><code><version-number></code></em> is the version number of the <code class="command">krb5-server</code> package installed on your system).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client">2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client">2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Setting up a Kerberos 5 client is less involved than setting up a server. At a minimum, install the client packages and provide each client with a valid <code class="filename">krb5.conf</code> configuration file. While <code class="command">ssh</code> and <code class="command">slogin</code> are the preferred method of remotely logging in to client systems, Kerberized versions of <code class="command">rsh</code> and <code class="command">rlogin</code> are still available, though deploying them requires that a few more configuration changes be made.
</div><div class="procedure"><ol class="1"><li class="step" title="Step 1"><div class="para">
Be sure that time synchronization is in place between the Kerberos client and the KDC. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server">Section 2.7.5, “Configuring a Kerberos 5 Serverâ€</a> for more information. In addition, verify that DNS is working properly on the Kerberos client before configuring the Kerberos client programs.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server">2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server">2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
When setting up Kerberos, install the KDC first. If it is necessary to set up slave servers, install the master first.
</div><div class="para">
To configure the first Kerberos KDC, follow these steps:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping">2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.7.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping">2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
When a client attempts to access a service running on a particular server, it knows the name of the service (<span class="emphasis"><em>host</em></span>) and the name of the server (<span class="emphasis"><em>foo.example.com</em></span>), but because more than one realm may be deployed on your network, it must guess at the name of the realm in which the service resides.
</div><div class="para">
By default, the name of the realm is taken to be the DNS domain name of the server, upper-cased.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.p
ng" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.3. How Kerberos Works"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works">2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.p
ng" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.3. How Kerberos Works"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works">2.7.3. How Kerberos Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Kerberos differs from username/password authentication methods. Instead of authenticating each user to each network service, Kerberos uses symmetric encryption and a trusted third party (a KDC), to authenticate users to a suite of network services. When a user authenticates to the KDC, the KDC sends a ticket specific to that session back to the user's machine, and any Kerberos-aware services look for the ticket on the user's machine rather than requiring the user to authenticate using a password.
</div><div class="para">
When a user on a Kerberos-aware network logs in to their workstation, their principal is sent to the KDC as part of a request for a TGT from the Authentication Server. This request can be sent by the log-in program so that it is transparent to the user, or can be sent by the <code class="command">kinit</code> program after the user logs in.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.7.3. How Kerberos Works" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology">2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.7.3. How Kerberos Works" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology">2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Kerberos has its own terminology to define various aspects of the service. Before learning how Kerberos works, it is important to learn the following terms.
</div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">authentication server (AS)</span></dt><dd><div class="para">
A server that issues tickets for a desired service which are in turn given to users for access to the service. The AS responds to requests from clients who do not have or do not send credentials with a request. It is usually used to gain access to the ticket-granting server (TGS) service by issuing a ticket-granting ticket (TGT). The AS usually runs on the same host as the key distribution center (KDC).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.7.3. How Kerberos Works" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Cont
ent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM">2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.7.3. How Kerberos Works" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.7.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Cont
ent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM">2.7.4. Kerberos and PAM</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Kerberos-aware services do not currently make use of Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) — these services bypass PAM completely. However, applications that use PAM can make use of Kerberos for authentication if the <code class="filename">pam_krb5</code> module (provided in the <code class="filename">pam_krb5</code> package) is installed. The <code class="filename">pam_krb5</code> package contains sample configuration files that allow services such as <code class="command">login</code> and <code class="command">gdm</code> to authenticate users as well as obtain initial credentials using their passwords. If access to network servers is always performed using Kerberos-aware services or services that use GSS-API, such as IMAP, the network can be considered reasonably safe.
</div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
Administrators should be careful not to allow users to authenticate to most network services using Kerberos passwords. Many protocols used by these services do not encrypt the password before sending it over the network, destroying the benefits of the Kerberos system. For example, users should not be allowed to authenticate to Telnet services with the same password they use for Kerberos authentication.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication">2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.7.10. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication">2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Cross-realm authentication</em></span> is the term which is used to describe situations in which clients (typically users) of one realm use Kerberos to authenticate to services (typically server processes running on a particular server system) which belong to a realm other than their own.
</div><div class="para">
For the simplest case, in order for a client of a realm named <code class="literal">A.EXAMPLE.COM</code> to access a service in the <code class="literal">B.EXAMPLE.COM</code> realm, both realms must share a key for a principal named <code class="literal">krbtgt/B.EXAMPLE.COM at A.EXAMPLE.COM</code>, and both keys must have the same key version number associated with them.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedorapro
ject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs">2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.7.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.7.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedorapro
ject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs">2.7.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
For a number of reasons, you may choose to run multiple KDCs for a given realm. In this scenario, one KDC (the <span class="emphasis"><em>master KDC</em></span>) keeps a writable copy of the realm database and runs <code class="command">kadmind</code> (it is also your realm's <span class="emphasis"><em>admin server</em></span>), and one or more KDCs (<span class="emphasis"><em>slave KDCs</em></span>) keep read-only copies of the database and run <code class="command">kpropd</code>.
</div><div class="para">
The master-slave propagation procedure entails the master KDC dumping its database to a temporary dump file and then transmitting that file to each of its slaves, which then overwrite their previously-received read-only copies of the database with the contents of the dump file.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7. Kerberos</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.6.5.3. Related Books" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.7. Kerberos" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos">2.7. Kerberos</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.7. Kerberos</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.6.5.3. Related Books" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.7. Kerberos" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos">2.7. Kerberos</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
System security and integrity within a network can be unwieldy. It can occupy the time of several administrators just to keep track of what services are being run on a network and the manner in which these services are used.
</div><div class="para">
Further, authenticating users to network services can prove dangerous when the method used by the protocol is inherently insecure, as evidenced by the transfer of unencrypted passwords over a network using the traditional FTP and Telnet protocols.
</div><div class="para">
Kerberos is a way to eliminate the need for protocols that allow unsafe methods of authentication, thereby enhancing overall network security.
</div><div class="section" title="2.7.1. What is Kerberos?"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.7.1. What is Kerberos?</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
- Kerberos is a network authentication protocol created by MIT, and uses symmetric-key cryptography<sup>[<a id="id1512627" href="#ftn.id1512627" class="footnote">14</a>]</sup> to authenticate users to network services, which means passwords are never actually sent over the network.
+ Kerberos is a network authentication protocol created by MIT, and uses symmetric-key cryptography<sup>[<a id="id1544374" href="#ftn.id1544374" class="footnote">14</a>]</sup> to authenticate users to network services, which means passwords are never actually sent over the network.
</div><div class="para">
Consequently, when users authenticate to network services using Kerberos, unauthorized users attempting to gather passwords by monitoring network traffic are effectively thwarted.
</div><div class="section" title="2.7.1.1. Advantages of Kerberos"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Kerberos-Advantages_of_Kerberos">2.7.1.1. Advantages of Kerberos</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
@@ -30,6 +30,6 @@
For an application to use Kerberos, its source must be modified to make the appropriate calls into the Kerberos libraries. Applications modified in this way are considered to be <em class="firstterm">Kerberos-aware</em>, or <em class="firstterm">kerberized</em>. For some applications, this can be quite problematic due to the size of the application or its design. For other incompatible applications, changes must be made to the way in which the server and client communicate. Again, this may require extensive programming. Closed-source applications that do not have Kerberos support by default are often the most problematic.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
Kerberos is an all-or-nothing solution. If Kerberos is used on the network, any unencrypted passwords transferred to a non-Kerberos aware service is at risk. Thus, the network gains no benefit from the use of Kerberos. To secure a network with Kerberos, one must either use Kerberos-aware versions of <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> client/server applications that transmit passwords unencrypted, or not use <span class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> such client/server applications at all.
- </div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1512627" href="#id1512627" class="para">14</a>] </sup>
+ </div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1544374" href="#id1544374" class="para">14</a>] </sup>
A system where both the client and the server share a common key that is used to encrypt and decrypt network communication.
</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.6.5.3. Related Books</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.7.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.5. Links of Interest</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished." /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest">3.7.5. Links of Interest</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.5. Links of Interest</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished." /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest">3.7.5. Links of Interest</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
For additional information on LUKS or encrypting hard drives under Fedora please visit one of the following links:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<a href="http://clemens.endorphin.org/LUKS/">LUKS - Linux Unified Key Setup</a>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished." /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/
image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished." /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/
image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
enter runlevel 1: <code class="code">telinit 1</code>
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
unmount your existing /home: <code class="code"> umount /home</code>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Congratulations, you now have an encrypted partition for all of your data to safely rest while the computer is off.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong>3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Next</strong>3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="r
ight" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</h3></div></div></div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="r
ight" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</h3></div></div></div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
Following this procedure will remove all data on the partition that you are encrypting. You WILL lose all your information! Make sure you backup your data to an external source before beginning this procedure!
</div></div><div class="para">
If you are running a version of Fedora prior to Fedora 9 and want to encrypt a partition, or you want to encrypt a partition after the installation of the current version of Fedora, the following directions are for you. The below example demonstrates encrypting your /home partition but any partition can be used.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org
"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption" /><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org
"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format (or LUKS) allows you to encrypt partitions on your Linux computer. This is particularly important when it comes to mobile computers and removable media. LUKS allows multiple user keys to decrypt a master key which is used for the bulk encryption of the partition.
</div><div class="section" title="3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Fedora 9, and later, utilizes LUKS to perform file system encryption. By default, the option to encrypt the file system is unchecked during the installation. If you select the option to encrypt you hard drive, you will be prompted for a passphrase that will be asked every time you boot the computer. This passphrase "unlocks" the bulk encryption key that is used to decrypt your partition. If you choose to modify the default partition table you can choose which partitions you want to encrypt. This is set in the partition table settings
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</a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command">2.2.4.3.2. The <code class="command">sudo</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.3. Limiting Root Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" />
</a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command">2.2.4.3.2. The <code class="command">sudo</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <code class="command">sudo</code> command offers another approach to giving users administrative access. When trusted users precede an administrative command with <code class="command">sudo</code>, they are prompted for <span class="emphasis"><em>their own</em></span> password. Then, when they have been authenticated and assuming that the command is permitted, the administrative command is executed as if they were the root user.
</div><div class="para">
The basic format of the <code class="command">sudo</code> command is as follows:
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2.2. Access Control</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.
fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.2. Access Control"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control">2.6.2.2.2. Access Control</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2.2. Access Control</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.
fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.2. Access Control"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control">2.6.2.2.2. Access Control</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Option fields also allow administrators to explicitly allow or deny hosts in a single rule by adding the <code class="option">allow</code> or <code class="option">deny</code> directive as the final option.
</div><div class="para">
For example, the following two rules allow SSH connections from <code class="systemitem">client-1.example.com</code>, but deny connections from <code class="systemitem">client-2.example.com</code>:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2.4. Expansions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.6.3. xinetd" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.4. Expansions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions">2.6.2.2.4. Expansions</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2.4. Expansions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.6.3. xinetd" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.4. Expansions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions">2.6.2.2.4. Expansions</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Expansions, when used in conjunction with the <code class="command">spawn</code> and <code class="command">twist</code> directives, provide information about the client, server, and processes involved.
</div><div class="para">
The following is a list of supported expansions:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html,v
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.6.2.2.2. Access Control" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.6.2.2.4. Expansions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands">2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.6.2.2.2. Access Control" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.6.2.2.4. Expansions" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands">2.6.2.2.3. Shell Commands</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Option fields allow access rules to launch shell commands through the following two directives:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="command">spawn</code> — Launches a shell command as a child process. This directive can perform tasks like using <code class="command">/usr/sbin/safe_finger</code> to get more information about the requesting client or create special log files using the <code class="command">echo</code> command.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3.2. Control Flag</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.5.3.3. Module Name" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/imag
e_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3.2. Control Flag"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag">2.5.3.2. Control Flag</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3.2. Control Flag</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.5.3.3. Module Name" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/imag
e_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3.2. Control Flag"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag">2.5.3.2. Control Flag</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
All PAM modules generate a success or failure result when called. Control flags tell PAM what do with the result. Modules can be stacked in a particular order, and the control flags determine how important the success or failure of a particular module is to the overall goal of authenticating the user to the service.
</div><div class="para">
There are four predefined control flags:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3.4. Module Arguments</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.5.3.3. Module Name" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/image
s/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3.4. Module Arguments"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments">2.5.3.4. Module Arguments</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3.4. Module Arguments</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.5.3.3. Module Name" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/image
s/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3.4. Module Arguments"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments">2.5.3.4. Module Arguments</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
PAM uses <em class="firstterm">arguments</em> to pass information to a pluggable module during authentication for some modules.
</div><div class="para">
For example, the <code class="filename">pam_userdb.so</code> module uses information stored in a Berkeley DB file to authenticate the user. Berkeley DB is an open source database system embedded in many applications. The module takes a <code class="filename">db</code> argument so that Berkeley DB knows which database to use for the requested service.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3.3. Module Name</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.5.3.2. Control Flag" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.5.3.4. Module Arguments" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3.3. Module Name"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name">2.5.3.3. Module Name</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3.3. Module Name</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.5.3.2. Control Flag" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.5.3.4. Module Arguments" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3.3. Module Name"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name">2.5.3.3. Module Name</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The module name provides PAM with the name of the pluggable module containing the specified module interface. In older versions of Fedora, the full path to the module was provided in the PAM configuration file. However, since the advent of <em class="firstterm">multilib</em> systems, which store 64-bit PAM modules in the <code class="filename">/lib64/security/</code> directory, the directory name is omitted because the application is linked to the appropriate version of <code class="filename">libpam</code>, which can locate the correct version of the module.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.5.3.2. Control Flag</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.5.3.4. Module Arguments</a></li></ul></body></html>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html,v
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership" /></head><body class=""><p i
d="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives">2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership" /></head><body class=""><p i
d="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives">2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module accepts several directives. The following are the two most commonly used options:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="command">timestamp_timeout</code> — Specifies the period (in seconds) for which the timestamp file is valid. The default value is 300 (five minutes).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
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--- sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.7.2. Application Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
ages/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.7.2. Application Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access">2.5.7.2. Application Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.7.2. Application Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
ages/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.7.2. Application Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access">2.5.7.2. Application Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The console user also has access to certain programs configured for use in the <code class="filename">/etc/security/console.apps/</code> directory.
</div><div class="para">
This directory contains configuration files which enable the console user to run certain applications in <code class="filename">/sbin</code> and <code class="filename">/usr/sbin</code>.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html" title="2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http:/
/www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases">2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html" title="2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http:/
/www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases">2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Passphrases and passwords are the cornerstone to security in most of today's systems. Unfortunately, techniques such as biometrics and two-factor authentication have not yet become mainstream in many systems. If passwords are going to be used to secure a system, then the use of passphrases should be considered. Passphrases are longer than passwords and provide better protection than a password even when implemented with non-standard characters such as numbers and symbols.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organi...</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging</a></li></ul></body></html>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html,v
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html" title="2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fe
doraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization">2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html" title="2.2.3. Password Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html" title="2.2.3.2.2. Passphrases" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fe
doraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Passphrases.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization">2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
If an organization has a large number of users, the system administrators have two basic options available to force the use of good passwords. They can create passwords for the user, or they can let users create their own passwords, while verifying the passwords are of acceptable quality.
</div><div class="para">
Creating the passwords for the users ensures that the passwords are good, but it becomes a daunting task as the organization grows. It also increases the risk of users writing their passwords down.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.8. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.5.7.2. Application Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a cl
ass="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources">2.5.8. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.8. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.5.7.2. Application Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a cl
ass="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.8. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources">2.5.8. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The following resources further explain methods to use and configure PAM. In addition to these resources, read the PAM configuration files on the system to better understand how they are structured.
</div><div class="section" title="2.5.8.1. Installed PAM Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_PAM_Documentation">2.5.8.1. Installed PAM Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
PAM-related man pages — Several man pages exist for the various applications and configuration files involved with PAM. The following is a list of some of the more important man pages.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedor
aproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules">2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedor
aproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules">2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
You can create or add new PAM modules at any time for use by PAM-aware applications.
</div><div class="para">
For example, a developer might create a one-time-password creation method and write a PAM module to support it. PAM-aware programs can immediately use the new module and password method without being recompiled or otherwise modified.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.5.3.2. Control Flag" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="P
roduct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format">2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.5.3.2. Control Flag" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="P
roduct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format">2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Each PAM configuration file contains a group of directives formatted as follows:
</div><pre class="screen"><em class="replaceable"><code><module interface></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><control flag></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><module name></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><module arguments></code></em>
</pre><div class="para">
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/
image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files">2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.5.3. PAM Configuration File Format" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/
image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files">2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory contains the PAM configuration files for each PAM-aware application. In earlier versions of PAM, the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</code> file was used, but this file is now deprecated and is only used if the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory does not exist.
</div><div class="section" title="2.5.2.1. PAM Service Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_Files-PAM_Service_Files">2.5.2.1. PAM Service Files</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Each PAM-aware application or <em class="firstterm">service</em> has a file in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. Each file in this directory has the same name as the service to which it controls access.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org
"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching">2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org
"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching">2.5.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
A number of graphical administrative tools in Fedora provide users with elevated privileges for up to five minutes using the <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module. It is important to understand how this mechanism works, because a user who walks away from a terminal while <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> is in effect leaves the machine open to manipulation by anyone with physical access to the console.
</div><div class="para">
In the PAM timestamp scheme, the graphical administrative application prompts the user for the root password when it is launched. When the user has been authenticated, the <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module creates a timestamp file. By default, this is created in the <code class="filename">/var/run/sudo/</code> directory. If the timestamp file already exists, graphical administrative programs do not prompt for a password. Instead, the <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module freshens the timestamp file, reserving an extra five minutes of unchallenged administrative access for the user.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.5.7.2. Application Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/imag
es/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership">2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.5.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.5.7.2. Application Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/imag
es/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership">2.5.7. PAM and Device Ownership</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
In Fedora, the first user who logs in at the physical console of the machine can manipulate certain devices and perform certain tasks normally reserved for the root user. This is controlled by a PAM module called <code class="filename">pam_console.so</code>.
</div><div class="section" title="2.5.7.1. Device Ownership"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Device_Ownership">2.5.7.1. Device Ownership</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
When a user logs in to a Fedora system, the <code class="filename">pam_console.so</code> module is called by <code class="command">login</code> or the graphical login programs, <span class="application"><strong>gdm</strong></span>, <span class="application"><strong>kdm</strong></span>, and <span class="application"><strong>xdm</strong></span>. If this user is the first user to log in at the physical console — referred to as the <em class="firstterm">console user</em> — the module grants the user ownership of a variety of devices normally owned by root. The console user owns these devices until the last local session for that user ends. After this user has logged out, ownership of the devices reverts back to the root user.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.5.3.4. Module Arguments" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt
="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files">2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.5.3.4. Module Arguments" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.5.5. Creating PAM Modules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt
="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files">2.5.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The following is a sample PAM application configuration file:
</div><pre class="screen">#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_securetty.so
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conten
t/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM">2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. PAM Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conten
t/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM">2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Programs that grant users access to a system use <em class="firstterm">authentication</em> to verify each other's identity (that is, to establish that a user is who they say they are).
</div><div class="para">
Historically, each program had its own way of authenticating users. In Fedora, many programs are configured to use a centralized authentication mechanism called <em class="firstterm">Pluggable Authentication Modules</em> (<acronym class="acronym">PAM</acronym>).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Since Fedora 9, implementation of <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security_Guide/9/LUKSDiskEncryption">Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format</a>(LUKS) encryption has become a lot easier. During the installation process an option to encrypt your partitions will be presented to the user. The user must supply a passphrase that will be the key to unlock the bulk encryption key that will be used to secure the partition's data.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong>Chapter 5. Secure Installation</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Next</strong>Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</a></li></ul></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.3.6.3. User Accounts" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/ima
ges/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access">2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.3.6.3. User Accounts" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/ima
ges/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access">2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The presence of the <code class="filename">/var/ftp/</code> directory activates the anonymous account.
</div><div class="para">
The easiest way to create this directory is to install the <code class="filename">vsftpd</code> package. This package establishes a directory tree for anonymous users and configures the permissions on directories to read-only for anonymous users.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.3.6.3. User Accounts" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access">2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.3.6.3. User Accounts" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access">2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Use TCP Wrappers to control access to either FTP daemon as outlined in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers" title="2.3.1.1. Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappers">Section 2.3.1.1, “Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappersâ€</a>.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.3.6.3. User Accounts</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</a></li></ul></body></html>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6.3. User Accounts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6.3. User Accounts"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts">2.3.6.3. User Accounts</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6.3. User Accounts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6.3. User Accounts"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts">2.3.6.3. User Accounts</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Because FTP transmits unencrypted usernames and passwords over insecure networks for authentication, it is a good idea to deny system users access to the server from their user accounts.
</div><div class="para">
To disable all user accounts in <code class="command">vsftpd</code>, add the following directive to <code class="filename">/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf</code>:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http:/
/docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors">2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http:/
/docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors">2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The NFS server determines which file systems to export and which hosts to export these directories to by consulting the <code class="filename">/etc/exports</code> file. Be careful not to add extraneous spaces when editing this file.
</div><div class="para">
For instance, the following line in the <code class="filename">/etc/exports</code> file shares the directory <code class="command">/tmp/nfs/</code> to the host <code class="command">bob.example.com</code> with read/write permissions.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option">2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the <code class="command">no_root_squash</code> Option</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option">2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the <code class="command">no_root_squash</code> Option</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
By default, NFS shares change the root user to the <code class="command">nfsnobody</code> user, an unprivileged user account. This changes the owner of all root-created files to <code class="command">nfsnobody</code>, which prevents uploading of programs with the setuid bit set.
</div><div class="para">
If <code class="command">no_root_squash</code> is used, remote root users are able to change any file on the shared file system and leave applications infected by trojans for other users to inadvertently execute.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration">2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.3.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product
Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration">2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The ports used for NFS are assigned dynamically by rpcbind, which can cause problems when creating firewall rules. To simplify this process, use the <span class="emphasis"><em>/etc/sysconfig/nfs</em></span> file to specify which ports are to be used:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="command">MOUNTD_PORT</code> — TCP and UDP port for mountd (rpc.mountd)
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site
" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules">2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site
" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules">2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
All of the servers related to NIS can be assigned specific ports except for <code class="command">rpc.yppasswdd</code> — the daemon that allows users to change their login passwords. Assigning ports to the other two NIS server daemons, <code class="command">rpc.ypxfrd</code> and <code class="command">ypserv</code>, allows for the creation of firewall rules to further protect the NIS server daemons from intruders.
</div><div class="para">
To do this, add the following lines to <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File">2.3.3.3. Edit the <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> File</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File">2.3.3.3. Edit the <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> File</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
If the <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> file is blank or does not exist (as is the case after a default installation), NIS listens to all networks. One of the first things to do is to put netmask/network pairs in the file so that <code class="command">ypserv</code> only responds to requests from the appropriate network.
</div><div class="para">
Below is a sample entry from a <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> file:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="rig
ht" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication">2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.3.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="rig
ht" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication">2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
One of the issues to consider when NIS is used for authentication is that whenever a user logs into a machine, a password hash from the <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> map is sent over the network. If an intruder gains access to an NIS domain and sniffs network traffic, they can collect usernames and password hashes. With enough time, a password cracking program can guess weak passwords, and an attacker can gain access to a valid account on the network.
</div><div class="para">
Since Kerberos uses secret-key cryptography, no password hashes are ever sent over the network, making the system far more secure. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.7. Kerberos">Section 2.7, “Kerberosâ€</a> for more information about Kerberos.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html 20 Nov 2009 22:14:03 -0000 1.7
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname">2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.3.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname">2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Any machine within an NIS domain can use commands to extract information from the server without authentication, as long as the user knows the NIS server's DNS hostname and NIS domain name.
</div><div class="para">
For instance, if someone either connects a laptop computer into the network or breaks into the network from outside (and manages to spoof an internal IP address), the following command reveals the <code class="command">/etc/passwd</code> map:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html 20 Nov 2009 22:14:03 -0000 1.7
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables">2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables">2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
To further restrict access to the <code class="command">portmap</code> service, it is a good idea to add iptables rules to the server and restrict access to specific networks.
</div><div class="para">
Below are two example iptables commands. The first allows TCP connections to the port 111 (used by the <code class="command">portmap</code> service) from the 192.168.0.0/24 network. The second allows TCP connections to the same port from the localhost. This is necessary for the <code class="command">sgi_fam</code> service used by <span class="application"><strong>Nautilus</strong></span>. All other packets are dropped.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html
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retrieving revision 1.6
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right"
href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users">2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right"
href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users">2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
To help prevent local user exploits on the Sendmail server, it is best for mail users to only access the Sendmail server using an email program. Shell accounts on the mail server should not be allowed and all user shells in the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file should be set to <code class="command">/sbin/nologin</code> (with the possible exception of the root user).
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></li></ul></body></html>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"
><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail">2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"
><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail">2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Never put the mail spool directory, <code class="filename">/var/spool/mail/</code>, on an NFS shared volume.
</div><div class="para">
Because NFSv2 and NFSv3 do not maintain control over user and group IDs, two or more users can have the same UID, and receive and read each other's mail.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5. Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject
.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.5. Security Updates" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates">1.5. Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5. Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject
.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.5. Security Updates" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates">1.5. Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
As security vulnerabilities are discovered, the affected software must be updated in order to limit any potential security risks. If the software is part of a package within a Fedora distribution that is currently supported, Fedora is committed to releasing updated packages that fix the vulnerability as soon as is possible. Often, announcements about a given security exploit are accompanied with a patch (or source code that fixes the problem). This patch is then applied to the Fedora package and tested and released as an errata update. However, if an announcement does not include a patch, a developer first works with the maintainer of the software to fix the problem. Once the problem is fixed, the package is tested and released as an errata update.
</div><div class="para">
If an errata update is released for software used on your system, it is highly recommended that you update the affected packages as soon as possible to minimize the amount of time the system is potentially vulnerable.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6. Securing FTP</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><i
mg src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP">2.3.6. Securing FTP</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.6. Securing FTP</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.3.6.2. Anonymous Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><i
mg src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP">2.3.6. Securing FTP</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <em class="firstterm">File Transfer Protocol</em> (<abbr class="abbrev">FTP</abbr>) is an older TCP protocol designed to transfer files over a network. Because all transactions with the server, including user authentication, are unencrypted, it is considered an insecure protocol and should be carefully configured.
</div><div class="para">
Fedora provides three FTP servers.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4. Securing NFS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.or
g"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS">2.3.4. Securing NFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.4. Securing NFS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.3.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.3.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.or
g"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.4. Securing NFS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS">2.3.4. Securing NFS</h3></div></div></div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
The version of NFS included in Fedora, NFSv4, no longer requires the <code class="command">portmap</code> service as outlined in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap">Section 2.3.2, “Securing Portmapâ€</a>. NFS traffic now utilizes TCP in all versions, rather than UDP, and requires it when using NFSv4. NFSv4 now includes Kerberos user and group authentication, as part of the <code class="filename">RPCSEC_GSS</code> kernel module. Information on <code class="command">portmap</code> is still included, since Fedora supports NFSv2 and NFSv3, both of which utilize <code class="command">portmap</code>.
</div></div><div class="section" title="2.3.4.1. Carefully Plan the Network"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Carefully_Plan_the_Network">2.3.4.1. Carefully Plan the Network</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Now that NFSv4 has the ability to pass all information encrypted using Kerberos over a network, it is important that the service be configured correctly if it is behind a firewall or on a segmented network. NFSv2 and NFSv3 still pass data insecurely, and this should be taken into consideration. Careful network design in all of these regards can help prevent security breaches.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3. Securing NIS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS">2.3.3. Securing NIS</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.3. Securing NIS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.3.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"
/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.3. Securing NIS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS">2.3.3. Securing NIS</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <em class="firstterm">Network Information Service</em> (<acronym class="acronym">NIS</acronym>) is an RPC service, called <code class="command">ypserv</code>, which is used in conjunction with <code class="command">portmap</code> and other related services to distribute maps of usernames, passwords, and other sensitive information to any computer claiming to be within its domain.
</div><div class="para">
An NIS server is comprised of several applications. They include the following:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.2. Securing Portmap</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_C
ontent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap">2.3.2. Securing Portmap</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.2. Securing Portmap</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.3.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_C
ontent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap">2.3.2. Securing Portmap</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <code class="command">portmap</code> service is a dynamic port assignment daemon for RPC services such as NIS and NFS. It has weak authentication mechanisms and has the ability to assign a wide range of ports for the services it controls. For these reasons, it is difficult to secure.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
Securing <code class="command">portmap</code> only affects NFSv2 and NFSv3 implementations, since NFSv4 no longer requires it. If you plan to implement an NFSv2 or NFSv3 server, then <code class="command">portmap</code> is required, and the following section applies.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedora
project.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail">2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.3.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.3.7.2. NFS and Sendmail" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedora
project.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.7. Securing Sendmail"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail">2.3.7. Securing Sendmail</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Sendmail is a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) that uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to deliver electronic messages between other MTAs and to email clients or delivery agents. Although many MTAs are capable of encrypting traffic between one another, most do not, so sending email over any public networks is considered an inherently insecure form of communication.
</div><div class="para">
It is recommended that anyone planning to implement a Sendmail server address the following issues.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><
img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server">2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.3.4.4. NFS Firewall Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.3.6. Securing FTP" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><
img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-NFS_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server">2.3.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The Apache HTTP Server is one of the most stable and secure services that ships with Fedora. A large number of options and techniques are available to secure the Apache HTTP Server — too numerous to delve into deeply here. The following section briefly explains good practices when running the Apache HTTP Server.
</div><div class="para">
Always verify that any scripts running on the system work as intended <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> putting them into production. Also, ensure that only the root user has write permissions to any directory containing scripts or CGIs. To do this, run the following commands as the root user:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_C
ontent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening">2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.3.7.3. Mail-only Users" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_C
ontent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening">2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
After configuring network services, it is important to pay attention to which ports are actually listening on the system's network interfaces. Any open ports can be evidence of an intrusion.
</div><div class="para">
There are two basic approaches for listing the ports that are listening on the network. The less reliable approach is to query the network stack using commands such as <code class="command">netstat -an</code> or <code class="command">lsof -i</code>. This method is less reliable since these programs do not connect to the machine from the network, but rather check to see what is running on the system. For this reason, these applications are frequent targets for replacement by attackers. Crackers attempt to cover their tracks if they open unauthorized network ports by replacing <code class="command">netstat</code> and <code class="command">lsof</code> with their own, modified versions.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3. Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html" title="2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" h
ref="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.3. Server Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security">2.3. Server Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.3. Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html" title="2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.3.2. Securing Portmap" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" h
ref="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.3. Server Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security">2.3. Server Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
When a system is used as a server on a public network, it becomes a target for attacks. Hardening the system and locking down services is therefore of paramount importance for the system administrator.
</div><div class="para">
Before delving into specific issues, review the following general tips for enhancing server security:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a
><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO">2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.5. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a
><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO">2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
You can configure Firefox to use Kerberos for Single Sign-on. In order for this functionality to work correctly, you need to configure your web browser to send your Kerberos credentials to the appropriate <abbr class="abbrev">KDC</abbr>.The following section describes the configuration changes and other requirements to achieve this.
</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
In the address bar of Firefox, type <strong class="userinput"><code>about:config</code></strong> to display the list of current configuration options.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html,v
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http:
//docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card">2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http:
//docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card">2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Before you can use your smart card to log in to your system and take advantage of the increased security options this technology provides, you need to perform some basic installation and configuration steps. These are described below.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
This section provides a high-level view of getting started with your smart card. More detailed information is available in the Red Hat Certificate System Enterprise Security Client Guide.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html
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diff -u -r1.6 -r1.7
--- sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html 20 Nov 2009 02:21:59 -0000 1.6
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works">2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works">2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Smart cards are said to be <em class="firstterm">enrolled</em> when they have received an appropriate certificate signed by a valid Certificate Authority (<abbr class="abbrev">CA</abbr>). This involves several steps, described below:
</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
The user inserts their smart card into the smart card reader on their workstation. This event is recognized by the Enterprise Security Client (<abbr class="abbrev">ESC</abbr>).
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png
" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works">2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.4.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.4.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png
" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works">2.4.4. How Smart Card Login Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
This section provides a brief overview of the process of logging in using a smart card.
</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
When the user inserts their smart card into the smart card reader, this event is recognized by the PAM facility, which prompts for the user's PIN.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
ng" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO">2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="2.4.1. Introduction"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.4.1. Introduction</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.3.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.4.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
ng" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO">2.4. Single Sign-on (SSO)</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="2.4.1. Introduction"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.4.1. Introduction</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The Fedora SSO functionality reduces the number of times Fedora desktop users have to enter their passwords. Several major applications leverage the same underlying authentication and authorization mechanisms so that users can log in to Fedora from the log-in screen, and then not need to re-enter their passwords. These applications are detailed below.
</div><div class="para">
In addition, users can log in to their machines even when there is no network (<em class="firstterm">offline mode</em>) or where network connectivity is unreliable, for example, wireless access. In the latter case, services will degrade gracefully.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html" title="Chapter 7. References" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site
" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html" title="Chapter 7. References" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site
" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Software packages are published through repositories. All well known repositories support package signing. Package signing uses public key technology to prove that the package that was published by the repository has not been changed since the signature was applied. This provides some protection against installing software that may have been maliciously altered after the package was created but before you downloaded it.
</div><div class="para">
Using too many repositories, untrustworthy repositories, or repositories with unsigned packages has a higher risk of introducing malicious or vulnerable code into your system. Use caution when adding repositories to yum/software update.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f12/en-US/html/sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html,v
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
mmon_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
mmon_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Fedora is configured to apply all updates on a daily schedule. If you want to change the how your system installs updates you must do so via '''Software Update Preferences'''. You can change the schedule, the type of updates to apply or to notify you of available updates.
</div><div class="para">
In Gnome, you can find controls for your updates at: <code class="code">System -> Preferences -> Software Updates</code>. In KDE it is located at: <code class="code">Applications -> Settings -> Software Updates</code>.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
ite" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
ite" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
All software contains bugs. Often, these bugs can result in a vulnerability that can expose your system to malicious users. Unpatched systems are a common cause of computer intrusions. You should have a plan to install security patches in a timely manner to close those vulnerabilities so they can not be exploited.
</div><div class="para">
For home users, security updates should be installed as soon as possible. Configuring automatic installation of security updates is one way to avoid having to remember, but does carry a slight risk that something can cause a conflict with your configuration or with other software on the system.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2. Option Fields</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.6.2.2.2. Access Control" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields">2.6.2.2. Option Fields</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2.2. Option Fields</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.6.2.2.2. Access Control" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields">2.6.2.2. Option Fields</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
In addition to basic rules that allow and deny access, the Fedora implementation of TCP Wrappers supports extensions to the access control language through <em class="firstterm">option fields</em>. By using option fields in hosts access rules, administrators can accomplish a variety of tasks such as altering log behavior, consolidating access control, and launching shell commands.
</div><div class="section" title="2.6.2.2.1. Logging"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Logging">2.6.2.2.1. Logging</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
Option fields let administrators easily change the log facility and priority level for a rule by using the <code class="option">severity</code> directive.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.5. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources">2.6.5. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.5. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.4. Resource Management Options" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.6.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Prod
uct Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.5. Additional Resources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources">2.6.5. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
More information about TCP Wrappers and <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> is available from system documentation and on the Internet.
</div><div class="section" title="2.6.5.1. Installed TCP Wrappers Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_TCP_Wrappers_Documentation">2.6.5.1. Installed TCP Wrappers Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
The documentation on your system is a good place to start looking for additional configuration options for TCP Wrappers, <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>, and access control.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedor
aproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files">2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.6.2.2. Option Fields" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedor
aproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files">2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
To determine if a client is allowed to connect to a service, TCP Wrappers reference the following two files, which are commonly referred to as <em class="firstterm">hosts access</em> files:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="filename">/etc/hosts.allow</code>
Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.3. xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.6.2.2.4. Expansions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><im
g src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.3. xinetd"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd">2.6.3. xinetd</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.3. xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.6.2.2.4. Expansions" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><im
g src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.3. xinetd"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd">2.6.3. xinetd</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> daemon is a TCP-wrapped <em class="firstterm">super service</em> which controls access to a subset of popular network services, including FTP, IMAP, and Telnet. It also provides service-specific configuration options for access control, enhanced logging, binding, redirection, and resource utilization control.
</div><div class="para">
When a client attempts to connect to a network service controlled by <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>, the super service receives the request and checks for any TCP Wrappers access control rules.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.6.3. xinetd" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.6.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.6.3. xinetd" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.6.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
The configuration files for <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> are as follows:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code> — The global <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> configuration file.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a c
lass="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.5.8.2. Useful PAM Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a c
lass="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.6. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Controlling access to network services is one of the most important security tasks facing a server administrator. Fedora provides several tools for this purpose. For example, an <code class="command">iptables</code>-based firewall filters out unwelcome network packets within the kernel's network stack. For network services that utilize it, <em class="firstterm">TCP Wrappers</em> add an additional layer of protection by defining which hosts are or are not allowed to connect to "<span class="emphasis"><em>wrapped</em></span>" network services. One such wrapped network service is the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>super server</em></span>. This service is called a super server because it controls connections to a subset of network services and further refines access control.
</div><div class="para">
<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#figu-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Access_Control_to_Network_Services" title="Figure 2.9. Access Control to Network Services">Figure 2.9, “Access Control to Network Servicesâ€</a> is a basic illustration of how these tools work together to protect network services.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/im
age_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration">1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
- Administrators who fail to patch their systems are one of the greatest threats to server security. According to the <em class="firstterm">SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security Institute</em> (<em class="firstterm">SANS</em>), the primary cause of computer security vulnerability is to "assign untrained people to maintain security and provide neither the training nor the time to make it possible to do the job."<sup>[<a id="id1462147" href="#ftn.id1462147" class="footnote">10</a>]</sup> This applies as much to inexperienced administrators as it does to overconfident or amotivated administrators.
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/im
age_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration">1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+ Administrators who fail to patch their systems are one of the greatest threats to server security. According to the <em class="firstterm">SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security Institute</em> (<em class="firstterm">SANS</em>), the primary cause of computer security vulnerability is to "assign untrained people to maintain security and provide neither the training nor the time to make it possible to do the job."<sup>[<a id="id2068855" href="#ftn.id2068855" class="footnote">10</a>]</sup> This applies as much to inexperienced administrators as it does to overconfident or amotivated administrators.
</div><div class="para">
Some administrators fail to patch their servers and workstations, while others fail to watch log messages from the system kernel or network traffic. Another common error is when default passwords or keys to services are left unchanged. For example, some databases have default administration passwords because the database developers assume that the system administrator changes these passwords immediately after installation. If a database administrator fails to change this password, even an inexperienced cracker can use a widely-known default password to gain administrative privileges to the database. These are only a few examples of how inattentive administration can lead to compromised servers.
- </div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id1462147" href="#id1462147" class="para">10</a>] </sup>
+ </div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2068855" href="#id2068855" class="para">10</a>] </sup>
http://www.sans.org/resources/errors.php
</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong>1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong>1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</a></li></ul></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedo
raproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services">1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedo
raproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services">1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Even the most vigilant organization can fall victim to vulnerabilities if the network services they choose are inherently insecure. For instance, there are many services developed under the assumption that they are used over trusted networks; however, this assumption fails as soon as the service becomes available over the Internet — which is itself inherently untrusted.
</div><div class="para">
One category of insecure network services are those that require unencrypted usernames and passwords for authentication. Telnet and FTP are two such services. If packet sniffing software is monitoring traffic between the remote user and such a service usernames and passwords can be easily intercepted.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/imag
es/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services">1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/imag
es/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services">1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Most server applications that are included in a default installation are solid, thoroughly tested pieces of software. Having been in use in production environments for many years, their code has been thoroughly refined and many of the bugs have been found and fixed.
</div><div class="para">
However, there is no such thing as perfect software and there is always room for further refinement. Moreover, newer software is often not as rigorously tested as one might expect, because of its recent arrival to production environments or because it may not be as popular as other server software.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://w
ww.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications">1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://w
ww.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications">1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Although an administrator may have a fully secure and patched server, that does not mean remote users are secure when accessing it. For instance, if the server offers Telnet or FTP services over a public network, an attacker can capture the plain text usernames and passwords as they pass over the network, and then use the account information to access the remote user's workstation.
</div><div class="para">
Even when using secure protocols, such as SSH, a remote user may be vulnerable to certain attacks if they do not keep their client applications updated. For instance, v.1 SSH clients are vulnerable to an X-forwarding attack from malicious SSH servers. Once connected to the server, the attacker can quietly capture any keystrokes and mouse clicks made by the client over the network. This problem was fixed in the v.2 SSH protocol, but it is up to the user to keep track of what applications have such vulnerabilities and update them as necessary.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5.4. Applying the Changes</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.5.4. Applying the Changes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes">1.5.4. Applying the Changes</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5.4. Applying the Changes</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages" /><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org">
<img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.5.4. Applying the Changes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes">1.5.4. Applying the Changes</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
After downloading and installing security errata and updates, it is important to halt usage of the older software and begin using the new software. How this is done depends on the type of software that has been updated. The following list itemizes the general categories of software and provides instructions for using the updated versions after a package upgrade.
</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
In general, rebooting the system is the surest way to ensure that the latest version of a software package is used; however, this option is not always required, or available to the system administrator.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html" title="1.5.4. Applying the Changes" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedo
raproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages">1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html" title="1.5.4. Applying the Changes" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedo
raproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages">1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Installation for most packages can be done safely (except kernel packages) by issuing the following command:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">rpm -Uvh /tmp/updates/*.rpm</code>
</pre><div class="para">
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages">1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html" title="1.5.3. Installing Signed Packages" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Installing_Signed_Packages.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages">1.5.2. Verifying Signed Packages</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
All Fedora packages are signed with the Fedora <em class="firstterm">GPG</em> key. GPG stands for GNU Privacy Guard, or GnuPG, a free software package used for ensuring the authenticity of distributed files. For example, a private key (secret key) locks the package while the public key unlocks and verifies the package. If the public key distributed by Fedora does not match the private key during RPM verification, the package may have been altered and therefore cannot be trusted.
</div><div class="para">
The RPM utility within Fedora automatically tries to verify the GPG signature of an RPM package before installing it. If the Fedora GPG key is not installed, install it from a secure, static location, such as an Fedora installation CD-ROM or DVD.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies">2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies">2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Establishing basic firewall policies creates a foundation for building more detailed, user-defined rules.
</div><div class="para">
Each <code class="command">iptables</code> chain is comprised of a default policy, and zero or more rules which work in concert with the default policy to define the overall ruleset for the firewall.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Using IPTables" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.9.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.9.4. Common IPTables Filtering" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="
http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules">2.9.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
Changes to <code class="command">iptables</code> are transitory; if the system is rebooted or if the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is restarted, the rules are automatically flushed and reset. To save the rules so that they are loaded when the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is started, use the following command:
</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~ ] # service iptables save
</pre><div class="para">
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.8.3. IPsec" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.8.5. IPsec Installation" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http:/
/docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection">2.8.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.8.3. IPsec" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.8.5. IPsec Installation" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http:/
/docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection">2.8.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
An <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection is split into two logical phases. In phase 1, an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> node initializes the connection with the remote node or network. The remote node or network checks the requesting node's credentials and both parties negotiate the authentication method for the connection.
</div><div class="para">
On Fedora systems, an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection uses the <em class="firstterm">pre-shared key</em> method of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> node authentication. In a pre-shared key <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection, both hosts must use the same key in order to move to Phase 2 of the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.3. IPsec</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="righ
t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.3. IPsec"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec">2.8.3. IPsec</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.3. IPsec</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="righ
t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.3. IPsec"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec">2.8.3. IPsec</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Fedora supports <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> for connecting remote hosts and networks to each other using a secure tunnel on a common carrier network such as the Internet. <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> can be implemented using a host-to-host (one computer workstation to another) or network-to-network (one <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym>/<acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym> to another) configuration.
</div><div class="para">
The <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> implementation in Fedora uses <em class="firstterm">Internet Key Exchange</em> (<em class="firstterm">IKE</em>), a protocol implemented by the Internet Engineering Task Force (<acronym class="acronym">IETF</acronym>), used for mutual authentication and secure associations between connecting systems.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.8.5. IPsec Installation" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/
images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.8.5. IPsec Installation" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/
images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
IPsec can be configured to connect one desktop or workstation (host) to another using a host-to-host connection. This type of connection uses the network to which each host is connected to create a secure tunnel between each host. The requirements of a host-to-host connection are minimal, as is the configuration of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> on each host. The hosts need only a dedicated connection to a carrier network (such as the Internet) and Fedora to create the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection.
</div><div class="section" title="2.8.6.1. Host-to-Host Connection"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Host_to_Host_Connection">2.8.6.1. Host-to-Host Connection</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
A host-to-host <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection is an encrypted connection between two systems, both running <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> with the same authentication key. With the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection active, any network traffic between the two hosts is encrypted.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.5. IPsec Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.5. IPsec Installation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation">2.8.5. IPsec Installation</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.5. IPsec Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.8.4. Creating an IPsec Connection" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.5. IPsec Installation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation">2.8.5. IPsec Installation</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Implementing <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> requires that the <code class="filename">ipsec-tools</code> RPM package be installed on all <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> hosts (if using a host-to-host configuration) or routers (if using a network-to-network configuration). The RPM package contains essential libraries, daemons, and configuration files for setting up the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection, including:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<code class="command">/sbin/setkey</code> — manipulates the key management and security attributes of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> in the kernel. This executable is controlled by the <code class="command">racoon</code> key management daemon. Refer to the <code class="command">setkey</code>(8) man page for more information.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html
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ss="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.8.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a cla
ss="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.8.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
IPsec can also be configured to connect an entire network (such as a <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> or <acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym>) to a remote network using a network-to-network connection. A network-to-network connection requires the setup of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> routers on each side of the connecting networks to transparently process and route information from one node on a <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> to a node on a remote <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym>. <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html#figu-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-A_network_to_network_IPsec_tunneled_connection" title="Figure 2.11. A network-to-network IPsec tunneled connection">Figure 2.11, “A network-to-network <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunneled connectionâ€</a> shows a network-to-network <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunneled connection.
</div><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-A_network_to_network_IPsec_tunneled_connection"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/n-t-n-ipsec-diagram.png" width="444" alt="A network-to-network IPsec tunneled connection" /><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
A network-to-network <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunneled connection
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection">2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.8.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.9. Firewalls" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png"
alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection">2.8.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
If the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection was not configured to activate on boot, you can control it from the command line.
</div><div class="para">
To start the connection, use the following command on each host for host-to-host IPsec, or each <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> router for network-to-network IPsec:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.8.3. IPsec" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD">2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.8.3. IPsec" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD">2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Fedora provides various options in terms of implementing a software solution to securely connect to a <acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym>. <em class="firstterm">Internet Protocol Security</em> (<acronym class="acronym">IPsec</acronym>) is the supported <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr> implementation for Fedora, and sufficiently addresses the usability needs of organizations with branch offices or remote users.
</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.8.3. IPsec</a></li></ul></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs">2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.7.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.8.2. VPNs and Fedora" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right
" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs">2.8. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Organizations with several satellite offices often connect to each other with dedicated lines for efficiency and protection of sensitive data in transit. For example, many businesses use frame relay or <em class="firstterm">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</em> (<acronym class="acronym">ATM</acronym>) lines as an end-to-end networking solution to link one office with others. This can be an expensive proposition, especially for small to medium sized businesses (<acronym class="acronym">SMB</acronym>s) that want to expand without paying the high costs associated with enterprise-level, dedicated digital circuits.
</div><div class="para">
To address this need, <em class="firstterm">Virtual Private Networks</em> (<abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>s) were developed. Following the same functional principles as dedicated circuits, <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>s allow for secured digital communication between two parties (or networks), creating a <em class="firstterm">Wide Area Network</em> (<acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym>) from existing <em class="firstterm">Local Area Networks</em> (<acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym>s). Where it differs from frame relay or ATM is in its transport medium. <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>s transmit over IP using datagrams as the transport layer, making it a secure conduit through the Internet to an intended destination. Most free software <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr> implementations incorporate open standard encryption methods to further mask data in transit.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Vulnerability assessments may be broken down into one of two types: <em class="firstterm">Outside looking in</em> and <em class="firstterm">inside looking around</em>.
</div><div class="para">
When performing an outside looking in vulnerability assessment, you are attempting to compromise your systems from the outside. Being external to your company provides you with the cracker's viewpoint. You see what a cracker sees — publicly-routable IP addresses, systems on your <em class="firstterm">DMZ</em>, external interfaces of your firewall, and more. DMZ stands for "demilitarized zone", which corresponds to a computer or small subnetwork that sits between a trusted internal network, such as a corporate private LAN, and an untrusted external network, such as the public Internet. Typically, the DMZ contains devices accessible to Internet traffic, such as Web (HTTP) servers, FTP servers, SMTP (e-mail) servers and DNS servers.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
An assessment can start by using some form of an information gathering tool. When assessing the entire network, map the layout first to find the hosts that are running. Once located, examine each host individually. Focusing on these hosts requires another set of tools. Knowing which tools to use may be the most crucial step in finding vulnerabilities.
</div><div class="para">
Just as in any aspect of everyday life, there are many different tools that perform the same job. This concept applies to performing vulnerability assessments as well. There are tools specific to operating systems, applications, and even networks (based on the protocols used). Some tools are free; others are not. Some tools are intuitive and easy to use, while others are cryptic and poorly documented but have features that other tools do not.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs
.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs
.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Given time, resources, and motivation, a cracker can break into nearly any system. At the end of the day, all of the security procedures and technologies currently available cannot guarantee that any systems are completely safe from intrusion. Routers help secure gateways to the Internet. Firewalls help secure the edge of the network. Virtual Private Networks safely pass data in an encrypted stream. Intrusion detection systems warn you of malicious activity. However, the success of each of these technologies is dependent upon a number of variables, including:
</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
The expertise of the staff responsible for configuring, monitoring, and maintaining the technologies.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4. Administrative Controls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html" title="2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class=
"right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls">2.2.4. Administrative Controls</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.4. Administrative Controls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html" title="2.2.3.2.3. Password Aging" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html" title="2.2.4.2. Disallowing Root Access" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class=
"right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization-Password_Aging.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.4. Administrative Controls"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls">2.2.4. Administrative Controls</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
When administering a home machine, the user must perform some tasks as the root user or by acquiring effective root privileges via a <em class="firstterm">setuid</em> program, such as <code class="command">sudo</code> or <code class="command">su</code>. A setuid program is one that operates with the user ID (<span class="emphasis"><em>UID</em></span>) of the program's owner rather than the user operating the program. Such programs are denoted by an <code class="computeroutput">s</code> in the owner section of a long format listing, as in the following example:
</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput">-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 47324 May 1 08:09 /bin/su</code>
</pre><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.5. Available Network Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html" title="2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html" title="2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a
><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services">2.2.5. Available Network Services</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.5. Available Network Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html" title="2.2.4.3.2. The sudo Command" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html" title="2.2.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a
><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.5. Available Network Services"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services">2.2.5. Available Network Services</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
While user access to administrative controls is an important issue for system administrators within an organization, monitoring which network services are active is of paramount importance to anyone who administers and operates a Linux system.
</div><div class="para">
Many services under Fedora behave as network servers. If a network service is running on a machine, then a server application (called a <em class="firstterm">daemon</em>), is listening for connections on one or more network ports. Each of these servers should be treated as a potential avenue of attack.
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedorap
roject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security">2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedorap
roject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security">2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Password protection for the BIOS (or BIOS equivalent) and the boot loader can prevent unauthorized users who have physical access to systems from booting using removable media or obtaining root privileges through single user mode. The security measures you should take to protect against such attacks depends both on the sensitivity of the information on the workstation and the location of the machine.
</div><div class="para">
For example, if a machine is used in a trade show and contains no sensitive information, then it may not be critical to prevent such attacks. However, if an employee's laptop with private, unencrypted SSH keys for the corporate network is left unattended at that same trade show, it could lead to a major security breach with ramifications for the entire company.
</div><div class="para">
If the workstation is located in a place where only authorized or trusted people have access, however, then securing the BIOS or the boot loader may not be necessary.
</div><div class="section" title="2.2.2.1. BIOS Passwords"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-BIOS_Passwords">2.2.2.1. BIOS Passwords</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
- The two primary reasons for password protecting the BIOS of a computer are<sup>[<a id="id421309" href="#ftn.id421309" class="footnote">11</a>]</sup>:
+ The two primary reasons for password protecting the BIOS of a computer are<sup>[<a id="id2124390" href="#ftn.id2124390" class="footnote">11</a>]</sup>:
</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
<span class="emphasis"><em>Preventing Changes to BIOS Settings</em></span> — If an intruder has access to the BIOS, they can set it to boot from a diskette or CD-ROM. This makes it possible for them to enter rescue mode or single user mode, which in turn allows them to start arbitrary processes on the system or copy sensitive data.
</div></li><li class="listitem"><div class="para">
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@
Other architectures use different programs to perform low-level tasks roughly equivalent to those of the BIOS on x86 systems. For instance, <span class="trademark">Intel</span>® <span class="trademark">Itanium</span>™ computers use the <em class="firstterm">Extensible Firmware Interface</em> (<em class="firstterm">EFI</em>) shell.
</div><div class="para">
For instructions on password protecting BIOS-like programs on other architectures, refer to the manufacturer's instructions.
- </div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id421309" href="#id421309" class="para">11</a>] </sup>
+ </div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr /><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2124390" href="#id2124390" class="para">11</a>] </sup>
Since system BIOSes differ between manufacturers, some may not support password protection of either type, while others may support one type but not the other.
</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2. Workstation Security</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords</a></li></ul></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3. Password Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="
Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3. Password Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security">2.2.3. Password Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.3. Password Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html" title="2.2.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html" title="2.2.3.2. Creating User Passwords Within an Organization" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="
Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Password_Security-Creating_User_Passwords_Within_an_Organization.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.3. Password Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security">2.2.3. Password Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
Passwords are the primary method that Fedora uses to verify a user's identity. This is why password security is so important for protection of the user, the workstation, and the network.
</div><div class="para">
For security purposes, the installation program configures the system to use <em class="firstterm">Message-Digest Algorithm</em> (<span class="emphasis"><em>MD5</em></span>) and shadow passwords. It is highly recommended that you do not alter these settings.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html" title="2.2.5.3. Insecure Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html" title="2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a clas
s="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.6. Personal Firewalls"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls">2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html" title="2.2.5.3. Insecure Services" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html" title="2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a clas
s="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.6. Personal Firewalls"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls">2.2.6. Personal Firewalls</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
After the <span class="emphasis"><em>necessary</em></span> network services are configured, it is important to implement a firewall.
</div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
You should configure the necessary services and implement a firewall <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> connecting to the Internet or any other network that you do not trust.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html" title="2.2.6. Personal Firewalls" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools">2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html" title="2.2. Workstation Security" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html" title="2.2.6. Personal Firewalls" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.3. Server Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools">2.2.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
As the size and popularity of the Internet has grown, so has the threat of communication interception. Over the years, tools have been developed to encrypt communications as they are transferred over the network.
</div><div class="para">
Fedora ships with two basic tools that use high-level, public-key-cryptography-based encryption algorithms to protect information as it travels over the network.
Index: sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2. Workstation Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://
docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.2. Workstation Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security">2.2. Workstation Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.2. Workstation Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html" title="2.2.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://
docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div xml:lang="en-US" class="section" title="2.2. Workstation Security" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security">2.2. Workstation Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
Securing a Linux environment begins with the workstation. Whether locking down a personal machine or securing an enterprise system, sound security policy begins with the individual computer. A computer network is only as secure as its weakest node.
</div><div class="section" title="2.2.1. Evaluating Workstation Security"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.2.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
When evaluating the security of a Fedora workstation, consider the following:
Index: sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-1.0-23" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.6.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
n_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.6.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.6.4.3.2. Access Control Options" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
n_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site" /></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site" /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
A range of directives is available for services protected by <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>. This section highlights some of the more commonly used options.
</div><div class="section" title="2.6.4.3.1. Logging Options"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Logging_Options">2.6.4.3.1. Logging Options</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
The following logging options are available for both <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code> and the service-specific configuration files within the <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> directory.
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>2.6.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="publican 0.60" /><meta name="package" content="Fedora-security-guide-12-en-US-12.1-1" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide" /><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4. xinetd Configuration Files" /><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.6.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" /></head><body class=""><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
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The <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> directory contains the configuration files for each service managed by <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> and the names of the files correlate to the service. As with <code class="filename">xinetd.conf</code>, this directory is read only when the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> service is started. For any changes to take effect, the administrator must restart the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> service.
</div><div class="para">
The format of files in the <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> directory use the same conventions as <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code>. The primary reason the configuration for each service is stored in a separate file is to make customization easier and less likely to affect other services.
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