What is a Kubernetes operator?

• A Kubernetes operator is a method of packaging, deploying, and managing a Kubernetes application. 
• A Kubernetes application is both deployed on Kubernetes and managed using the Kubernetes API (application programming interface) and kubectl tooling.
• Kubernetes operators manage applications using a continuous reconciliation loop that automates operational tasks.
• The Operator Framework is an open source project that provides developer and runtime Kubernetes tools.
• The Kubernetes operator pattern was motivated by Kubernetes’ lack of the internal logic required to safely handle complex, stateful systems like databases and message queues.
• Red Hat OpenShift Operators can automate a custom workflow related to native OpenShift resources by defining and implementing the arbitrary resources and custom logic around them.

What is a Kubernetes operator?

A Kubernetes operator is a method of packaging, deploying, and managing a Kubernetes application. A Kubernetes application is both deployed on Kubernetes and managed using the Kubernetes API (application programming interface) and kubectl tooling.

A Kubernetes operator is an application-specific controller that extends the functionality of the Kubernetes API to create, configure, and manage instances of complex applications on behalf of a Kubernetes user.

It builds upon the basic Kubernetes resource and controller concepts, but includes domain or application-specific knowledge to automate the entire life cycle of the software it manages. 

In Kubernetes, controllers of the control plane implement control loops that repeatedly compare the desired state of the cluster to its actual state. If the cluster's actual state doesn’t match the desired state, then the controller takes action to fix the problem. 

An operator is a custom Kubernetes controller that uses custom resources (CR) to manage applications and their components. High-level configuration and settings are provided by the user within a CR. The Kubernetes operator translates the high-level directives into the low level actions, based on best practices embedded within the operator’s logic.

A custom resource is the API extension mechanism in Kubernetes. A custom resource definition (CRD) defines a CR and lists out all of the configuration available to users of the operator. 

The Kubernetes operator watches a CR type and takes application-specific actions to make the current state match the desired state in that resource.

Kubernetes operators introduce new object types through custom resource definitions. Custom resource definitions can be handled by the Kubernetes API just like built-in objects, including interaction via kubectl and inclusion in role-based access control (RBAC) policies.

A Kubernetes operator continues to monitor its application as it runs, and can back up data, recover from failures, and upgrade the application over time, automatically. 

The actions a Kubernetes operator performs can include almost anything: scaling a complex app, application version upgrades, or even managing kernel modules for nodes in a computational cluster with specialized hardware.

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Kubernetes operators manage applications using a continuous reconciliation loop that automates the operational tasks a human engineer would typically perform. They are an application-specific bridge between standard Kubernetes resources and the complex, internal operational requirements of software.

Kubernetes can manage and scale stateless applications, such as web apps, mobile backends, and API services, without requiring any additional knowledge about how these applications operate. The built-in features of Kubernetes are designed to easily handle these tasks.

However, stateful applications, like databases and monitoring systems, require additional domain-specific knowledge that Kubernetes doesn’t have. It needs this knowledge in order to scale, upgrade, and reconfigure these applications.

Kubernetes operators encode this specific domain knowledge into Kubernetes extensions so that it can manage and automate an application’s life cycle. 

By removing difficult manual application management tasks, Kubernetes operators make these processes scalable, repeatable, and standardized.

For application developers, operators make it easier to deploy and run the foundation services on which their apps depend. 

For infrastructure engineers and vendors, operators provide a consistent way to distribute software on Kubernetes clusters and reduce support burdens by identifying and correcting application problems. 

Operators allow you to write code to automate a task, beyond the basic automation features provided in Kubernetes. For teams following a DevOps or site reliability engineering (SRE) approach, operators were developed to put SRE practices into Kubernetes. 

The function of the operator pattern is to capture the intentions of how a human operator would manage a service. A human operator needs to have a complete understanding of how an app or service should work, how to deploy it, and how to fix any problems that may occur.

The site reliability engineer or operations team typically writes the software to manage an application, but an operator is designed to take human operational knowledge and encode it into software to manage and deploy Kubernetes workloads while eliminating manual tasks. 

Operators are best built by those that are experts in the business logic of installing, running, and upgrading a particular application.

The creation of an operator often starts with automating the application’s installation and self-service provisioning, and follows with more complex automation capabilities.

There is also a Kubernetes operator software development kit (SDK) that can help you develop your own operator. The SDK provides the tools to build, test, and package operators with a choice of creating operators using Helm charts, Ansible Playbooks or Golang

The Operator Framework is an open source project that provides developer and runtime Kubernetes tools, enabling you to accelerate the development of an operator.

The Operator Framework includes:

• Operator SDK: Enables developers to build operators based on their expertise without requiring knowledge of Kubernetes API complexities.
• Operator Lifecycle Management: Oversees installation, updates, and management of the lifecycle of all of the operators running across a Kubernetes cluster.
• Operator Metering: Enables usage reporting for operators that provide specialized services.

What are the reasons and motivations behind the use of the operator pattern?

The Kubernetes operator pattern was motivated by a critical limitation in standard Kubernetes which lacks the internal logic required to safely handle complex, stateful systems like databases and message queues. Traditionally, managing these systems required human Site Reliability Engineers (SREs) to manually execute playbooks for backups, version upgrades, and multi-node failovers.

Operators solve this challenge by encoding human operational knowledge directly into software. By pairing custom resources with automated reconciliation loops, Operators transform manual operational checklists into continuous, self-healing automation. This brings massive benefits to engineering teams: it eliminates manual configuration drift, enables risk-free rolling upgrades, and allows organizations to deploy complex, highly available software on any cloud platform using the exact same standardized, declarative YAML manifests.

Red Hat® OpenShift® Operators are an extension mechanism of Red Hat OpenShift. They can automate a custom workflow related to native OpenShift resources by defining and implementing the arbitrary resources and custom logic around them. Red Hat explains them in depth in this blog post. 

Red Hat® OpenShift® is an enterprise-ready Kubernetes container platform with full-stack automated operations to manage hybrid cloud and multicloud deployments.

Red Hat OpenShift uses Kubernetes operators to run the entire platform autonomously while exposing configuration natively through Kubernetes objects, allowing for quick installation and frequent, robust updates. 

Included in Red Hat OpenShift is the embedded OperatorHub, a registry of certified operators from software vendors and open source projects. Within the OperatorHub you can browse and install a library of operators that have been verified to work with Red Hat OpenShift and that have been packaged for easy lifecycle management.

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